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[Page 75]
Introduction translated by Shalom Bronstein
We remember our brothers and sisters who were murdered, may God avenge their blood, the holy martyrs of Dubiecko and its surrounding towns; the young and elderly, its men, women and infants, who were tortured to death by the greatest enemies of the Jewish people of all times and who were not even given a Jewish burial.
We remember all the Jews of our town and the surrounding area along with all the holy martyrs of the House of Israel in Poland and Europe, their vibrant lives, their multi-faceted activities, their scholars and artists, merchants and intellectuals who sustained the glow of Jewish life in exile and who raised Zion above their highest joys. This book will be for them an everlasting memorial, an eternal tombstone on their unmarked graves, a remembrance to the end of time. These are the names of the holy ones of Dubiecko and its surrounding towns who were murdered and slaughtered during World War II, listed alphabetically. |
Translated by Judy Petersen
Surname | Given name | Remarks | Page |
ADAM | Yekal | and his wife | 75 |
ADAM | Bluma | daughter of Yekal ADAM and his wife | 75 |
ADAM | Frida | daughter of Yekal ADAM and his wife | 75 |
ADAM | Achel | daughter of Yekal ADAM and his wife | 75 |
ADAM | Feiga | 75 | |
ADAM | Wel'che | and his wife | 75 |
ADAM | Moshe | 75 | |
ADAM | Yosef-Leib | 75 | |
ADAM | Yoel | 75 | |
UNGAR | Avigdor | wife and their three children | 75 |
UNGAR | Leah | 75 | |
APEL | Meir-Hirsch | and his wife | 75 |
INTRATOR | Zelig | 75 | |
INTRATOR | Scheindel | wife of Zelig INTRATOR | 75 |
INTRATOR | (male) | son of Zelig and Scheindel INTRATOR | 75 |
INTRATOR | Yosef | 75 | |
INTRATOR | Merl | wife of Yosef INTRATOR | 75 |
INTRATOR | Shifra | 75 | |
INTRATOR | Chaya | 76 | |
INTRATOR | Yakov | wife and their two children | 76 |
EICHNER | Wolf | 76 | |
EICHNER | Sarah | wife of Wolf EICHNER | 76 |
EICHNER | Iris | daughter of Wolf and Sarah EICHNER | 76 |
EICHNER | Golda | daughter of Wolf and Sarah EICHNER | 76 |
EICHNER | Yeshaya | son of Wolf and Sarah EICHNER | 76 |
AMSTER | Bentzion | listed with Mindel AMSTER | 76 |
AMSTER | Mindel | listed with Bentzion AMSTER | 76 |
EMES | Berish | wife and their three children | 76 |
EIGLER | Tzvi | 76 | |
EIGLER | Sarah | wife of Tzvi EIGLER | 76 |
EIGLER | (male) | child of Tzvi and Sarah EIGLER | 76 |
ANFANG | Baruch-Eli | wife and five children | 76 |
ANFANG | Boshe | mother of Baruch-Eli | 76 |
ANFANG | Sarah | 76 | |
ANFANG | Rivka | 76 | |
ANFANG | Moshe | 76 | |
ANFANG | Mordechai | 76 | |
APEL | David | wife and their three children | 76 |
APT | Leibish | and his four children | 76 |
APT | Mali | wife of Leibish APEL and their four children | 76 |
APT | Mishel | wife and two children | 76 |
APT | Meir | 76 | |
BATRAN | Reuven | wife and one child | 76 |
BATRAN | Petel | (7 children mentioned; 6 listed) | 76 |
BATRAN | Maya | daughter of Petel BATRAN | 76 |
BATRAN | Yoel | son of Petel BATRAN | 76 |
BATRAN | Shalom | son of Petel BATRAN | 76 |
BATRAN | Yitzchak | son of Petel BATRAN | 76 |
BATRAN | Bracha | daughter of Petel BATRAN | 76 |
BATRAN | Miriam | daughter of Petel BATRAN | 76 |
BATRAN | 76 | ||
BEZEM | Yehoshua | wife and their two children | 76 |
BEITEL | Binyamin | and his three children | 76 |
BEITEL | Devorah | wife of Binyamin BEITEL, and their three children | 76 |
BEILES | Shmuel | wife and their two children | 76 |
BUK | Shmuel | and his wife | 76 |
BRONER | David-Berl | and his two children | 76 |
BRONER | Tova | wife of David-Berl BRONER and their two children | 76 |
BROF | Mechel | and his two children | 76 |
BROF | Ita | wife of Mechel BROF, and their two children | 76 |
BARUCH | Bentzion | his wife and one child | 76 |
BARUCH | Shalom | 76 | |
BARUCH | Yitzchak-Yehuda | 76 | |
BARUCH | Rakhel-Leah | (Leichi) | 76 |
BARUCH | Shimon | listed with Leah BARUCH | 76 |
BARUCH | Leah | listed with Shimon BARUCH | 76 |
BARUCH | Esther-Malka | and one child | 76 |
BARUCH | Yehoshua | 76 | |
BLEICHFELD | Shamai | his wife and three children | 76 |
BARUCH | Lieba | 76 | |
BARUCH | Yehoshua | son of Lieba BARUCH | 76 |
BLEICHFELD | Yisrael | his wife and their four children | 76 |
BAK | Esther | and her two children | 76 |
BAK | Shlomo | and his wife | 76 |
BAK | Leib | and his wife | 76 |
BAK | Bunes | and his wife | 76 |
BAK | (male) | murdered on the Fast of Gedalia. Father - Leib. | 76 |
BERNSTEIN | Moshe | Father - Leib. | 76 |
BERNSTEIN | Shimshon | 76 | |
GRODZEBSKA | (male) | and his two children | 76 |
GRINBAUM | Breindel | and her two children | 76 |
GRINBAUM | Chaim-Yitzchak | his wife and their two children | 76 |
GRINBAUM | Meir | his wife and their two children | 76 |
GRINBAUM | Shmuel | 76 | |
GRINBAUM | Pinchas | his wife and their two children | 76 |
GOLGSTAUB | (male) | Dr.; and his wife and their two children | 77 |
GRAPEL | Hertzel | and his two children | 77 |
GRAPEL | Charna | wife of Hertzel GRAPEL and their two children | 77 |
GROMET | (female) | and her two children. Father - David. | 77 |
DOMB | Simcha | his wife and their two children | 77 |
DORMBUSH | Chaim | his wife and their two children | 77 |
DORMBUSH | (female) | and her son. Father - Yosef. | 77 |
DORMBUSH | (male) | lived in Dinov. Father - Yosef. | 77 |
DOMB | Aharon | his wife and their four children | 77 |
HOFMAN | David | and his two children | 77 |
HOFMAN | Sarah | wife of David HOFMAN, and their two children | 77 |
HOCH | Moshe | and his two children | 77 |
HOCH | Sarah | wife of Moshe HOCH, and their two children | 77 |
HOCH | Mordechai | and his wife and their two children | 77 |
HOCH | Eliezer | listed with Iris HOCH | 77 |
HOCH | Iris | listed with Eliezer HOCH | 77 |
HOLTZ | (male) | Dr.; and his wife and one child | 77 |
HASMAN | (male) | Dr.; single, physician | 77 |
HAMER | (female) | wife of Mas, and child | 77 |
HAMER | Eli | and his wife | 77 |
HALPERIN | Tzvi | and his wife | 77 |
HAMAN | Moni | (son-in-law), and one child | 77 |
HAMAN | Esther | listed with Moni HAMAN; and one child | 77 |
HERBSMAN | Shamai | his wife and one child | 77 |
HERBSMAN | Yakov | his wife and one child | 77 |
HARFENIST | Mordechai | his wife and their four children | 77 |
VIFLIK | Scheindel-Mali | 77 | |
VISHNER | Moshe | his wife and their six children | 77 |
WOLF | Wolf | 77 | |
WEISMAN | 77 | ||
WELT | Mendel | his wife and their four children | 77 |
VASERSTEIN | Avi | his wife and one child | 77 |
VINTER | Avraham | and his nine children | 77 |
VINTER | Leah | wife of Avraham VINTER, and their nine children | 77 |
WOLF | (female) | her husband and their two children. Father - Meir. | 77 |
VANBERGER | Leah | 77 | |
ZILBERMAN | Yerucham | and his wife and their two children | 77 |
ZUTWEIN | Yosef | and his wife and their four children | 77 |
ZUTWEIN | (female) | her husband and their two children. Father - Yosef. | 77 |
TROBOVITZ | Rivka | dentist | 77 |
TISER | Menye | and his wife | 77 |
TISER | Simcha | and his wife and their three children | 77 |
JAWORNIKIER | Rafael | 77 | |
JAWORNIKIER | Channah | wife of Rafael JAWORNIKIER | 77 |
JAWORNIKIER | Moshe | 77 | |
JAWORNIKIER | Yonah | 77 | |
JAWORNIKIER | Eizik | 77 | |
JAWORNIKIER | Genendel | 77 | |
JAWORNIKIER | Mendel | and his wife and child | 77 |
JAWORNIKIER | Esther | wife of Yehoshua | 77 |
JAWORNIKIER | Yisrael | 77 | |
JAWORNIKIER | Necha | 78 | |
YEMER | Pinchas | his wife and one child | 78 |
JAWORNIKIER | Sarah | and her daughter. Father - Shmuel Nechemia. | 78 |
JAWORNIKIER | Motel | husband of Sarah JAWORNIKIER and their daughter | 78 |
LUSTIG | Eliahu | his wife and one child | 78 |
LERNER | Mendel | and his wife | 78 |
LERNER | Melech | 78 | |
LEFLER | 78 | ||
Meir Ber | and his daughter | 78 | |
MARCH | Rafael | and his wife and their three children | 78 |
MARCH | Aharon | and his wife and their three children | 78 |
MARCH | Moshe | and his wife and their two children | 78 |
MARCH | Yudel | and his wife and their four children | 78 |
MARCH | Pesach | and his wife and one child | 78 |
MARCH | 78 | ||
MARCH | Tzvi | and his wife | 78 |
MARCH | Pessi | sister of Tzvi | 78 |
MELLER | Yakov | and his two children | 78 |
MELLER | Tzali | wife of Yakov MELLER and their two children | 78 |
MELBER | Beni | listed with Yitzchak MELBER, and his four children | 78 |
MELBER | Yitzchak | listed with Beni MELBER, and his four children | 78 |
MELMER | Herman | and his wife and one child | 78 |
MELLER | Mendel | and his wife and their two children | 78 |
MELLER | Yehudit | 78 | |
MUND | Simcha | and his wife | 78 |
MARSHLEK | Moshe | (Moshik), and his wife. Son of a pharmacist. | 78 |
SAFAR | Hersch | and his wife | 78 |
TILIK | Elimelech | and his wife and their four children | 78 |
PELTZ | Moshe | 78 | |
PELTZ | Golda | maiden name MELBER | 78 |
PELTZ | Yeshayahu-Chaim | 78 | |
FLEM | Shmuel-Aharon | Rabbi and his wife; Rabbi from Dobeitzek | 78 |
FIRST | Yakov | and his three children | 78 |
FIRST | Chaya | wife of Yakov FIRST and their three children | 78 |
FEITZBITZ | Yosef | and his three children | 78 |
FEITZBITZ | Bracha | wife of Yosef FEITZBITZ and their three children | 78 |
FAJT | Leizer | and his three children | 78 |
FAJT | Chaya | wife of Leizer FAJT and their three children | 78 |
FRIDMAN | Pinchas | 78 | |
[FRIDMAN] | (female) | Father - Pinchas | 78 |
[FRIDMAN] | Itche | husband of the daughter of Pinchas FRIDMAN, and their child | 78 |
PELZENSTEIN | Lipa | and his two children | 78 |
PELZENSTEIN | Tzipora | wife of Lipa PELZENSTEIN and their two children | 78 |
FRANT | Shmuel-Yakov | and his five children | 78 |
FRANT | Breindel | wife of Shmuel-Yakov FRANT and their five children | 78 |
POLEN | Moshe | and his wife | 78 |
POLEN | Mordechai | and his wife | 78 |
FRIDMAN | Yoshe | and his wife and their two children | 78 |
FRIDMAN | Michael | 78 | |
FRIDMAN | Shamai | and his wife and one child | 78 |
FRIDMAN | Yakov-Itche | 78 | |
FRIDMAN | Moshe | and his wife and their two children (from outside of Dubeitzek) | 78 |
FRIDMAN | Zushe | and his wife and their three children (from outside of Dubeitzek) | 78 |
POLEN | Sarah | and her husband and their three children | 78 |
FLAM (nickname) | Mechel | and his wife | 79 |
PAS | Yakov-Hertzl | and his wife, daughter and son-in-law | 79 |
FRANKEL | Yoshe | and his wife, from Yenodov | 79 |
FRANT | Itche | 79 | |
FRANT | Yisrael | and his wife, klezmerim | 79 |
FRANT | Eliezer | and his wife | 79 |
FEITZEVITZ | Yosef-Chaim | 79 | |
TZEICHNER | Shimon-Leib | listed with Charna TZEICHNER, and child | 79 |
TZEICHNER | Charna | listed with Shimon-Leib TZEICHNER, and child | 79 |
TZEICHNER | Patti | 79 | |
TZELLER | Yakov | and his wife and their four children | 79 |
TZELLER | Yoel | and his wife | 79 |
TZELLERKRAUT | Shmuel-Meir | and his wife and their three children | 79 |
TZELLERKRAUT | Leib-Yitzchak | and his wife and their four children | 79 |
TZELLERKRAUT | Yehoshua | and his wife and their two children | 79 |
TZELLERKRAUT | Nachman | and his wife and their two children | 79 |
Zelig | and his wife and their two children | 79 | |
KESHER | Avraham-Eli | and his three children | 79 |
KESHER | Channah | wife of Avraham-Eli KESHER, and their three children | 79 |
KESHER | Meir | and his mother | 79 |
KERESH | Shaime | and his wife | 79 |
KESER | Tzvi | and his wife and two children | 79 |
KUPERMAN | Aryeh | and two children | 79 |
KUPERMAN | Sima | and two children | 79 |
KORNFELD | Yosef-Meir | and his three children | 79 |
KORNFELD | Devorah | wife of Yosef-Meir KORNFELD, and their three children | 79 |
KORNFELD | Moshe | listed with Esther and Rana | 79 |
KORNFELD | Esther | listed with Moshe and Rana | 79 |
KORNFELD | Rana | listed with Moshe and Esther | 79 |
KORNFELD | Zlata | and one child | 79 |
KORNFELD | Yehoshua-David | listed with Ahel KORNFELD | 79 |
KORNFELD | Ahel | listed with Yehoshua-David KORNFELD | 79 |
KORNFELD | Shimon | listed with Feige Mindel KORNFELD | 79 |
KORNFELD | Feige-Mindel | listed with Shimon KORNFELD | 79 |
KORNFELD | Yisrael | listed with Shprintze KORNFELD | 79 |
KORNFELD | Shprintze | listed with Yisrael KORNFELD | 79 |
KORNFELD | David | 79 | |
KLATER | Bentzion | and his wife and their two children | 79 |
KLATER | Mirel | and one child | 79 |
KANNER | Tzvi | listed with Fela, Pinchas and Linka | 79 |
KANNER | Fela | listed with Tzvi, Pinchas and Linka | 79 |
KANNER | Pinchas | listed with Tzvi, Fela and Linka | 79 |
KANNER | Linka | listed with Tzvi, Fela and Pinchas | 79 |
KANNER | Shimon | and his wife | 79 |
KANNER | Eizik | and his wife and their four children | 79 |
KANNER | Avraham | and his wife | 79 |
KANNER | Roza | sister of Tzvi | 79 |
KEIL | Leah | and her two children | 79 |
KEIL | Yehoshua | and his wife | 79 |
KUTSCHER | Shmuel | and his wife and their three children | 79 |
KUTSCHER | (male) | and his wife and their two children | 79 |
KNOLER | Sarah | and her two children | 79 |
KLATER (nickname) | Chaim | and his wife, and son in law Leib (the bath attendant) and his wife. Father - Bentzion the bath attendant. | 79 |
RUBINFELD | Moshe | and his wife and their three children | 79 |
RUBINFELD | Chaim-Hersch | listed with Sarah RUBINFELD | 79 |
RUBINFELD | Sarah | listed with Chaim-Hersch RUBINFELD | 79 |
RUBINFELD | Leibish | 80 | |
RUBINFELD | Hersch | 80 | |
RUBINFELD | Avraham-Yosef | and his wife and their three children | 80 |
RUBINFELD | daughters. Father - Shimon | 80 | |
RUBINFELD | Meir | and his wife and their three children. Father - Shimshon | 80 |
RUBINFELD | (female) | and her husband and their four children | 80 |
RUBINFELD | (female) | wife of David and her two children | 80 |
RUBINFELD | Yosef | and two children | 80 |
RUBINFELD | Esther | and three children | 80 |
RUBINFELD | (female) | sister of Esther, and her husband and two children | 80 |
Henya | maiden name JAWORNIKIER | 80 | |
Sarah | daughter of Henya | 80 | |
Rivka | daughter of Henya | 80 | |
ROTENBERG | Tzvi | and his wife and five children | 80 |
RINGEL | Berl | and his wife and their three children | 80 |
REICH | Mendel | and his wife and one child | 80 |
REICH | Yehoshua-Baruch | and his wife and their three children | 80 |
REICH | mother of Mendel | 80 | |
REICH | Yonah | and his wife | 80 |
REICH | Shimshon | and his wife and their two children | 80 |
REICH | mother of Yonah and Shimshon | 80 | |
RAPPS | Avraham | and his wife and their three children | 80 |
RAPPS | Gedalya | and his wife | 80 |
RAPPS | Yehoshua | listed with Feige RAPPS | 80 |
RAPPS | Feige | listed with Yehoshua RAPPS | 80 |
RAPPS | Naftali | listed with Zisel RAPPS | 80 |
RAPPS | Zisel | listed with Naftali RAPPS | 80 |
RAPPS | Shmuel | Father -Yehoshua | 80 |
RAPPS | Rakhel | wife of Shmuel RAPPS | 80 |
RAPPS | Yisrael | and his wife and their three children | 80 |
RAPPS | Shmuel | and his wife and their three children | 80 |
RAPPS | Chaya | and her two children | 80 |
RAPPS | Beile | and her husband and their two children | 80 |
RAPPS | Yakov | 80 | |
RAPPS | Zlata | 80 | |
RAPPAPORT | Yisrael | and three daughters | 80 |
RAPPAPORT | Achel | listed with Yisrael RAPPAPORT, and three daughters | 80 |
RAPPAPORT | Nisan | and his wife and their four children | 80 |
SHAFER | Eliezer | and his three children. Son of the shochet | 80 |
SHAFER | Sarah | wife of Eliezer, and their three children | 80 |
SHTURM | Yakov | and his two children | 80 |
SHTURM | Moshe | and one child | 80 |
SHTURM | Malka | wife of Moshe SHTURM, and one child | 80 |
SHTRIK | Yehoshua | his sister and her husband | 80 |
SHTURMLAUFER | (male) | and his wife | 80 |
SHTRAZLER | Moshe | and one child | 80 |
SHTRAZLER | Rivka | wife of Moseh SHTRAZLER, and one child | 80 |
SHTRAZLER | Moshe-Viktor | 80 | |
SHTRAZLER | Mania | listed with Moshe-Viktor SHTRAZLER | 80 |
SHTRAZLER | Eliezer | listed with Moshe-Viktor SHTRAZLER | 80 |
SHTRAZLER | Leibush | 80 | |
SHTRAZLER | Esther | wife of Leibush SHTRAZLER | 80 |
SHTRAZLER | Avigdor | son of Leibush and Esther SHTRAZLER | 80 |
SHTRAZLER | Eliezer | son of Leibush and Esther SHTRAZLER | 80 |
SHTRAZLER | Malka | daughter of Leibush and Esther SHTRAZLER | 80 |
SHTRAZLER | Yisrael | son of Leibush and Esther SHTRAZLER | 80 |
SHTURM | Chaim-Asher | 80 | |
SCHIMMEL | Tzvi-Hersch | and his wife and their two children | 80 |
SCHIMMEL | Melech | and his wife and their two children | 80 |
SCHIMMEL | Sarah | 80 | |
SCHIMMEL | Yehoshua | 81 | |
SCHIMMEL | Achel | wife of Yehoshua SCHIMMEL | 81 |
SCHIMMEL | Dzonya | child of Yehoshua and Achel SCHIMMEL | 81 |
SCHIMMEL | Berl | son of Yehoshua and Achel SCHIMMEL | 81 |
SCHIMMEL | Moshe | and his wife and one child | 81 |
SCHIMMEL | Shaul | and his wife | 81 |
SCHIMMEL | Yudel | and one child | 81 |
SCHIMMEL | Chava | 81 | |
SCHIMMEL | Shamai | and his wife and their two children | 81 |
SCHIMMEL | Avraham | and his wife | 81 |
SCHIMMEL | Yehuda | Alika, and his sister | 81 |
SCHIMMEL | Yemel Shimon | and two children, Chaim Eli and Kreindel | 81 |
SCHIMMEL | Yemel Shimon | and his wife and one child | 81 |
SCHIMMEL | Yisrael | and his wife and their four children | 81 |
SCHIMMEL | Tzvi | and his wife and one child | 81 |
SCHIMMEL | Tzvi | and his wife and their three children | 81 |
SCHMALTZ | Tzviya | 81 | |
SCHERTZ | Shmuel-Leib | and his wife | 81 |
SCHERTZ | Avraham | and his wife | 81 |
SHPINER | Zindel | and three children | 81 |
SHPINER | Mali | wife of Zindel SHPINER, and their three children | 81 |
SCHEINER | Mendel | and his wife and their two children | 81 |
SCHNEIDER | (male) | Dr.; and his wife and their two children | 81 |
SCHPECT | Pessil | and her two children | 81 |
SCHICK | Devorah | and child | 81 |
[SCHICK] | son in law of Devorah SCHICK, his wife Chayaleh and son | 81 | |
[SCHICK] | Chayale | daughter of Devorah SCHICK, her husband and son | 81 |
SHTEINFELD | Shmuel | and his wife and their two children | 81 |
SHPALTI | Tzvi | and his wife and daughter in Ratzi | 81 |
SHTEIN | Yakov-Leizer | and two daughters | 81 |
Ghele | and her husband and their five children; they lived next to Aharon KENNER. | 81 | |
KNOLLER | Meir | and his wife and their three children; had a textile store and lived opposite Yitzchak MELBER. | 81 |
Chaya | and Shmuel the "Kveptzerin" | 81 | |
Golda | and her husband and children; they worked and lived in the mikvah. | 81 | |
BERNSTEIN | (female) | mother of Meir BERNSTEIN | 81 |
BERNSTEIN | (female) | sister of Meir BERNSTEIN | 81 |
(GREBINIS) | two sisters and another sister, lived next to BERNSTEIN. | 81 | |
HOFFMAN | Rivka | and one child; living in Shilionitcha | 82 |
HOFFMAN | Avraham | living in Shilionitcha | 82 |
SCHMALTZ | Eizik | and three children; living in Shilionitcha | 82 |
SCHMALTZ | Ita | wife of Eizik SCHMALTZ, and their three children; living in Shilionitcha | 82 |
HEGGEL | Mordechai | and his family, daughter, her husband and their family, son-in-law Shmuel and his family; living in Hucisko | 82 |
MAKOCHIS | Efraim | and family; living in Hucisko | 82 |
MAKOCHIS | Chaya | wife of Efraim MAKOCHIS, and their family; living in Hucisko | 82 |
MASH | Scheindel | and her famiily; living in Hucisko | 82 |
GRINDEL | Yakov | and his family; living in Nienadowa | 82 |
DICHT | Efraim | and his wife; living in Nienadowa | 82 |
FINKEL | Aharon | and his wife; living in Nienadowa | 82 |
SCHISTER | Yakov | and his family; living in Nienadowa | 82 |
wife of Aherl'eh with her daughter; living in Nienadowa | 82 | ||
PINPER | Sarah | and her family; living in Nienadowa | 82 |
PAS | Chaya | and her family; living in Nienadowa | 82 |
Hersch Ber | and his family; living in Nienadowa | 82 | |
HERFNIST | and his family; living in Kotchova | 82 | |
HERFNIST | Leib | and his family; living in Kotchova | 82 |
Chaim David | and his family; living in Kotchova | 82 | |
INTRATOR | Shmuel | and his family; living in Iskań | 82 |
INTRATOR | Yakov | and his family; living in Iskań | 82 |
[Pages 103-104]
I, Pearl Lipson, was born in Dubiecko, Poland. My parents Hena and Jacob Rubinfeld had five children, four daughters and one son. The son, Hershel, was the youngest and passed away as a child of three before the war.
When the war broke out, Russia and Germany divided Poland between them with Dubiecko being on the dividing line, but under German control. The Germans gave the Jews a few hours to get out of the town and go to the Russian side. Father was originally from the Russian side, from a little town called Bircha and his parents, sisters and brothers with their families still lived there. Naturally, we went to them and stayed there until sometime in 1940.
One Friday evening the Russians went to every Jewish home, collected al the Jews and shipped us to Siberia via train. We went as far as Irkutsk by train, and from there we went by ship and river barges, then on foot (with whatever baggage we had left carried by donkeys) to a log cabin in the wilds of Tiga. The cabin consisted of a small entrance way leading to three small rooms, one for each family. The extreme cold necessitated the cabin being heated day and night, all that was available for heating was one woodburning stove located in the entrance way.
Work was assigned to everyone, and father's task was to cut trees in the forest. He had to do this regardless of weather conditions. Not surprisingly, he suffered a heart attack as a result, and after months of suffering it was a miracle that he slowly recovered.
In 1941, we were permitted to leave the camp, so we left and travelled by barges again and, eventually found ourselves at the town called Vitim. The winter's approaching intolerable cold and the fact that Rivka, the second youngest sister, became very ill forced us to stay there through the entire winter. As it turned out, we were the only Jewish family in the place.
In 1942, the second sister, Sara, became ill and we took her to the hospital. After only a few days she passes away on Tevet 15. This, plus the fact that Rivka wasn't improving' made us to decide to travel to a place where we could be among other Jews, so in the summer we left and arrived at Kirensk, where we decided to stay because there were a few Russians, Jewish families living there.
It was now 1943, and the strain of family illnesses and problems proved too much for my mother. She became ill, was taken to the hospital where on 17 Tamuz, she passed away. During all of time father was working as a night watchman, which enabled him to look after the family during the day. One morning, after he returned from work, I went to the hospital to see my mother and to my horror I found her head covered. I removed the cover and found that she was dead. I ran home in a state of shock to tell my father what had happened.
Once again, circumstances forced us to leave and after three months of traveling we found ourselves in Samarkand. We put the youngest sister, Helen, in a children's home. At least she would have a better chance than the rest of us.
We stayed in Samarkand until the end of the war about three years. As soon as the war ended, the Russians offered to return all the displace polish citizens to Poland. Occupants of children's' homes were to go first, and we decided to let Helen go since it was by no means certain that we would all get to follow, and we felt that at least one of us should have a better chance of life. As I turned out, we were repatriated shortly after Helen left.
As soon as we arrived back in Poland, we started to look for Helen. It was not yet safe for Jews to travel, so father and I decided that I should go and look for Helen, since he was instantly identifiable as a Jew. I went to Lodz and searched all those children's homes that contained returnees from the USSR. By sheer luck I met two friends of Helen who told me approximately where to look for her. Eventually, I found her and brought her back to father.
We traced relatives in Winnipeg, Canada father's cousins, Moshe and Frieda Rubinfeld who sent us papers to immigrate to Canada. We lived in Winnipeg until 1953, when we moved to Toronto. Father passed away on Adar 28, 1987.
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