[Page 475]

On Saturday, October 7, 1944, there was great excitement in all of the Auschwitz camps. On that ordinary autumn day we were suddenly stunned by the sounds of blaring sirens and shooting. Flames and thick smoke were rising from the fourth crematorium building in the grove called Brzezinka by the Polish prisoners. The following amazing news spread throughout the camp: “The prisoners of the Sonderkommando have rebelled – they rose up to fight the SS men!”

The armed uprising of the prisoners against the SS men had been planned a long time before the 7^th of October. The first of the Sonderkommando organizers was the Kapo of that unit, a Lithuanian Jew named Kaminsky. Kapo Kaminsky enjoyed the trust of the SS men, and, with various subterfuges, he used his status to visit other camps [Auschwitz subdivisions]. The purpose of his visits was to make contact with the branches of the underground organization. Kaminsky concealed some 30 hand-grenades in the area of Crematorium 1.

One evening in August 1944, the prisoners of the Sonderkommando working in Crematorium 1 were hurriedly summoned without prior notice. The Kommandant of the crematoria, the SS man Mohl  [?] informed them that Kapo Kaminsky had been executed by firing squad a short while ago. He had been discovered as one of the first organizers of the underground which was engaged in the preparations of an uprising. Mohl further announced to the 200 prisoners that all of the details concerning the organization was known by the SS and that they were prepared to eliminate anyone who attempted to emulate Kaminsky.

The incident of Kaminsky's elimination was but a prelude to later events. The SS appointed a new Kapo to replace Kaminsky, a German, a hardened criminal who had come to Auschwitz from the Lublin-Majdanek camp and had been employed there in a “special unit” as well. The Sonderkommando numbered some 800 men at that time. The Russian army was nearing Krakow and the transports from Hungary gradually slowed down. The Sonderkommando was [as a consequence] too large and unwieldy for the SS since there were a significant number of prisoners who were eyewitnesses to the mass extermination of tens of thousands of human beings. These prisoners were forbidden to work anyplace else, and, according to the mocking jibes of the SS, “their path to Paradise was assured...”

In the summer of 1944 there was a sudden order to clear out the hall of the disinfection's station in Auschwitz 1. The windows were hurriedly sealed with bricks and plaster, but no one grasped the purpose behind it. Meanwhile, 300 men of the Sonderkommando at Birkenau were transported to Auschwitz... All of them were brought under pretext to this hall, and after the doors were sealed – all were poisoned.

Shortly thereafter, SS Kommandant Mohl was transferred to another camp. Replacing him was the commander of the crematoria, the SS man Bosch [?]. He was more moderately disposed than Mohl and did not torment the prisoners, but he also supervised the mass extermination faultlessly, and according to the orders. He often drank himself into a stupor in order to quiet his conscience. The iron discipline that Mohl had instituted deteriorated significantly. The conditions for the continued organization of the underground were now improved. The men of the last Sonderkommando decided to take up arms and to engage in open battle against the SS personnel. This decision was conveyed to the leadership of the underground movement in Auschwitz 1.

In the meantime, the Sonderkommando was supplied with explosives, hand grenades, and the required number of insulated wire-cutters to cut the electrified barbed wire. Moreover, the group was to wait until the preparations of the entire camp were completed, and not to engage a force that was superior in numbers and weapons. Only if the men of the Sonderkommando were in imminent danger of extermination, were they to open hostilities. This was the order of the underground organization's leadership. That danger, however, came sooner than expected.

On Saturday morning, October 7, 1944, the intelligence unit of the underground organization learned that the last group of the Sonderkommando, which had survived after the extermination on September 29, 1944, was slated for extermination in the next few days. This information was immediately passed to the leadership group. The prisoner, L. Werbel  [?] passed the information to Crematorium 2. The local leadership immediately convened for consultations. Suddenly, during these crucial deliberations, the Kapo of the Sonderkommando – “The Green” [triangular symbol of criminal prisoners] – the habitual criminal, was a German born in the Reich. He “caught” on to a part of the conversation and threatened the group that he would reveal everything to the SS. There was no time left for hesitation. They did not let the Kapo carry out his threat. They seized him on the spot and threw him alive into the burning oven and the action commenced.

The prisoners dug up the hidden munitions, tied up the SS men that were nearby and relieved them of their weapons. The teams of the other crematoria were alerted, and a second group in Crematorium 2 began to fight. The prisoner Paniecz  [?] from Lomza disarmed an SS man who was standing guard and also threw him into the flaming oven. The prisoners split up: Some opened fire on the SS guards, and others cut the electrified barbed wires of the fence and escaped to the Budy  [?] farm.

The shots, the explosions, and the blaring sirens summoned all of the garrison of the SS, numbering some 3000 well-armed men. On motorcycles and in motorized vehicles the SS rushed to the place of the uprising, under the command of their officers. Units of the SS organized in platoons surrounded the crematorium, and they concentrated their heaviest fire on the grove behind Crematorium 4, where the main group of prisoners were defending themselves. The crematorium was going up in flames, but the SS men concentrated on suppressing the revolt. Along the chain of guard-posts the firing was so intense that there was practically no possibility to escape from the area. Only a small group of prisoners managed to kill six of the SS men and to break through towards the Vistula. The SS men in hot pursuit caught up to them near Rajesko  [?], some 10 kilometers distant from Birkenau. The escapees were entrenched in a barn and opened fire on the SS, but the latter set the barn on fire with flame-throwers and killed all the prisoners.

In this battle some 300 armed prisoners gave their lives. Among them was Z. Gradowsky from Suwalki. The rebels, who were captured in the camp, in the courtyard of Crematorium 2 and the surrounding area were killed by the SS. There were some prisoners who managed to hide, and several of them even survived.

On that day, Allied airplanes flew over the camp. The alert prevented the SS and the reinforcements that had been called in from continuing pursuit and combing the area.

The leadership of the Auschwitz underground immediately dispatched the news of the events at Birkenau to the surrounding districts, and demanded their assistance to the rebels who had escaped.

One group, numbering 27 prisoners, moved westward under the leadership of a Sonderkommando prisoner, a German Jew, reached as far as Germany. They were apprehended by the “Volkssturm” (German Civil Defense) and jailed in a small German town.

The prisoners were saved by their claim to have escaped a transport on the way to Dachau. It was not possible to refute their claim, as this was a throughway of prisoner transports, and the transfer lists were by that time in utter disarray. The prisoners were sent to one of the remote camps in the area and remained there until the day of liberation.

Meanwhile an investigation was underway at Auschwitz. The SS were not satisfied with the cruel suppression of the revolt. They wanted to discover all of the communication lines of the conspiracy. In spite of the most drastic measures that were taken, they did not succeed in unmasking the main organizers of the revolt nor their liaison units.

The SS started their investigations and torture of women who had been employed in the munitions depots and in the Krupp munitions plant. The young women who were interrogated displayed great courage and revealed nothing. Four of them were jailed and cruelly tortured, since they were suspected of having supplied the explosives to the men of the Sonderkommando. When a prisoner belonging to the underground visited them in order to encourage them and to get information on the continuing investigation, there was no end to his amazement at their great fortitude. These girls called on the organization to continue their struggle, and regarded the loss of their own lives as their obvious responsibility in the struggle for freedom.

It was almost apparent that the [Red] army, which had swiftly advanced to Krakow, would also rescue these brave girls. There were only 14 days lacking. A radioed order from Berlin, however, arrived to execute these four girls immediately by hanging. On January 5, 1945, the gallows were erected in the women's section of the main camp at Auschwitz 1, and there they were executed.

The revolt at the Crematoria was the only armed revolt in Auschwitz, and had a profound moral impact. It encouraged the prisoners, aroused their faith and hope that they would be privileged to see the end of the war.

Footnote

1. From the book “They Defended Themselves” published by “Yad Vashem and Beit Lochamei Hagettaot” Return

[Page 478]

Much has already been written about the heroic uprising of the “Sonderkommando” in Auschwitz, when a group of Jewish camp inmates attacked the crematorium in the middle of the day, on September 5, 1944, exploded the facilities with dynamite, and threw two living SS officers of the extermination Kommando into the ovens. The screams of the burning SS men were heard in the surrounding areas because it was the first time that the crematorium received living beings, not the gassed bodies. It was also the first time that the smoke which had always emerged only from the tall chimneys now enshrouded the entire crematorium building.

The Jewish rebels soon afterwards cut the electrified barbed wire and ran off in all directions. Close to 20,000 SS men started off in pursuit to capture the fleeing rebels. Unfortunately, they caught them all and shot them. The crematorium, however, burned a whole day and night and was completely destroyed. The deathly function of this particular crematorium was brought to an end for some time.

The question arises: Where did the rebels get the explosives, at a time when the Birkenau camp was entirely isolated and cut off without any contact with the rest of the world? Not even a pinhead could be smuggled in from outside, not to speak of dangerous materials such as explosives in wartime.

I can reveal this secret, because I and four other girls, my comrades Estushe Weissman, Regina Sapirstein, Genia Fischer, and Chana Weissman, supplied the rebels for eight months with powder and other ammunition which we systematically removed from the “Powder Room” in which we worked.

This story began in January 1944, when two Jewish boys, prisoners at the men's camp, introduced themselves to us as members of the underground who were making preparations to carry out acts of sabotage in Auschwitz and Birkenau, but they needed explosives which could only be supplied from the “Powder Room”. Naturally, they demanded great discretion and trust, and only girls of outstanding character could be considered to maintain secrecy under the harshest conditions. For a period of eight months, we, the five girls, hid, in our clothes and next to our skin the needed equipment and explosives, and no one knew about this. Only one Russian girl once noticed as Estushe Weissman was hiding something in her bosom and was whispering to Regina Sapirstein. We thought that this Russian girl, who herself was in dire straits, and her country was engaged in a bloody struggle with the enemy, would keep silent and tell no one of her suspicions.

Unfortunately, right after the explosion, she made some remarks that she knew the secret, she probably wanted to curry favor with the murderers, and she informed against Estushe Weissman and Regina Sapirstein, that they had removed the powder. The murderers tortured the two girls in an attempt to extract information on their accomplices to the crime, but they heroically bore up under the ordeal and kept silent. The punishment was terrible. The Nazis hanged both of the Jewish girls and forced everyone to stand and watch the execution.

May the names of Estushe Weissman and Regina Sapirstein be recorded in the eternal memorial of Jewish heroes in history.

May I be permitted to record my family which was completely wiped out in the German death camps, for an eternal memorial.

My grandmother Frumet ^[1], who lived to a ripe old age and was fully active and aware to the last minute. She was 86 years old when the Nazis liquidated the town of Zator. She perished together with her son, my father R’ Shloime Zalman and my mother Rivka Miriam and my other grandmother, Menucha Offen  [?]. They shared the same fate of all the [Jewish] inhabitants of Zator, and became martyrs for the Sanctification of God's Name in the month of Tammuz 5702 – [June-July] 1942.

My brother, Eliezer was married and lived in Krakow. He was deported to Plaszow and later to Mauthausen where he met his death. His wife and child perished in Krakow. My brother Dovid perished in a German work-camp in Silesia.

My three sisters: Perel, Soreh-Ittale, and Chaitche worked in the Wadowice ghetto and were, together with the youth of Wadowice, deported to Auschwitz. They perished after a selection by the murderer, the SS Sturmbannführer Tauber, on one of the Chanukkah nights in 5703 – 1943.

May their names be hallowed for all time.

Footnote

1. See her photo on p. 422 of the Hebrew text, following the second article on Zator Return

[Page 480]

She was young when the Germans entered Ciechanow and took her and her sister to work cleaning the home of the former local governor. The two sisters were severely tormented at hard labor. Meanwhile their home was destroyed and their family moved to live with relatives in the ghetto, until it was liquidated in November 1942, and most of the inhabitants were transferred to Auschwitz. Rosa, too, was among them. In the camp she passed the terrible selection, where the fate of the prisoners was decided – who to the gas chambers and who to work until collapse.

Noach Zabludowicz, who was in contact with her, tells how she devoted herself with great enthusiasm to the underground efforts. Her eyes were alight with the fire of revenge when she succeeded in doing something against the oppressor. Rosa was much beloved by her comrades in the camp, for she supplied them with bread when all were starving. In a short time she was able to gather to her dozens of young girls like herself who would bring her gunpowder. Rosa would safeguard the powder until it could be transferred to the men of the Sonderkommando. This important and dangerous task she carried out with alertness and amazing caution.

In the middle of 1944 the heads of the underground organization in Oswiecim decided to revolt, such as would include all of the camps simultaneously. They hoped for assistance from the A.K. [Armia Krajowa – the Polish Underground].

The organizers of the revolt had high hopes in the Sonderkommando, who worked, as earlier mentioned, near the roads. Some 600 men were employed in this accursed work, with the clear knowledge, that the time would come for them to be liquidated by the Germans, just as they had done with their predecessors. Consequently they decided to fight their murderers to the last man.

The Sonderkommando uprising erupted suddenly, at a time unexpected by the heads of the underground. Moshe Kolko  [?] details the following in his memoirs:

“That day the word spread about a transport of men and men of the Sonderkommando. Just a few minutes later and six hundred of the men of the Sonderkommando rebelled. Crematorium 2 went up in flames and the German Kapo, who excelled in cruelty, was thrown into the burning oven. In a battle at close quarters four SS men were killed and several others were wounded. The area surrounding the crematorium turned into a battlefield. The barrier around the area was destroyed and the rebels escaped.

All of the SS in the area were summoned to the camp. The work gangs stopped their labors and were returned to their blocks. A count of the prisoners was made. The SS men ran around the camp like poisoned rats. This was something they had not expected nor had it ever occurred to them that they would have to defend themselves against Jews.”

The investigation revealed, of course, that the explosives which had been used by the rebels had come from the munitions plant. The suspicion fell on some of the women who worked in the gunpowder department. They were arrested and transferred to block 11 and severely tortured. Rosa Robata was also among them.

The failure of the revolt, the torture and killings instilled fear in the Oswiecim prisoners. Each one thought that his end was nigh. Depression enveloped the few remaining Ciechanowites, who were all very attached to Rosa Robota, and aware of the great suffering and cruel torture she was experiencing. Their great desire was to see her once more before she died.

With the help of a Jewish Kapo, he plied the SS man guarding Block 11 with liquor and Noach Zabludowicz – sneaked inside…

“I was privileged to see Rosa one last time, a few days before her death”, Zabludowicz writes in his memoirs. “At night, when all the prisoners were asleep, during curfew hours and the strict prohibition against any movement in the camp, I went down to the cellar of Block 11, passing through the darkened corridors and cells. I heard the groans of the condemned prisoners and I shuddered. I descended the steps, led by the Kapo, until we reached Rosa's cell. Yakov, the Kapo, opened the door, led me inside, and disappeared. When my eyes became accustomed to the dark, I made out a figure wrapped in rags, lying on the cold cement floor. The figure turned its head in my direction. I barely recognized her. Her face was marked from endless pain and suffering. After some moments of silence Rosa began to tell me about the sadistic means that the Germans had used against her during the interrogation and she said that she had accepted total responsibility without naming anyone else.

I tried to comfort her but she refused to listen. 'I knew very well what I was doing and I know what is in store for me`, she said, and she asked that the comrades continue in their work:

'It is easier to die`, she said, 'when you know that your work continues`. There was a rustle at the door. Yakov called me to come out. I parted from Rosa. That was the last time I saw her”.

Footnotes

1. From the book “They Defended Themselves” published by “Yad Vashem and Beit Lochamei Hagettaot” Return

[Page 482]

One must suppress the feeling heart, dampen every painful feeling. One has to out-shout the gruesome agony, which spreads like a storm over all one's limbs. One must be transformed into a robot, and become unseeing, unfeeling, and uncomprehending.

The feet and hands reported for work. A group of comrades are standing, each assigned to his work. One pulls, rips at the bodies with force to pull them out of the knot, one pulls a hand, another a foot, whichever is easier. One thinks that piece by piece, the constant pulling will also tear one's innards apart. The body is pulled along the dirty, cold, cement floor, and wipes up with its nice, alabaster body, as with a broom, all of the dirt, all of the filth it meets on the way. One takes the body, now messy, and places it with the face upwards. A pair of milky, limpid eyes look at you, as if to ask: Hey brother, what are you going to do to me? More than once you recognize a familiar face, with whom you spent time before going to the grave. Three people stand by and prepare him. One with a cold pliers invades that lovely mouth and searches for a gold tooth, and when he finds one, rips it out with flesh attached. A second one cuts the curly hair – removes the woman's crown, and the third quickly tears off the earrings, and sometimes they come out quite bloody. Then there are the rings which do not come off too easily, which are ripped off with pliers.

Now it is transferred to the windlass. Like lumber the bodies are thrown by two people, and when they number 7 – 8, a signal is made with a stick and the windlass rises upwards.

Up there, by the winch, are four men. Two on one side of the winch, to drag the bodies to the “reserve”-room, and two who pull them directly to the ovens. They are placed, two by two, near the oven doors. Little children are lying on the side in a large pile – they are thrown to accompany two adults. They are placed on the iron “Tahara-board” ^[2], then the mouth of hell is opened, and the board is pushed into the oven. The hellish fire draws its tongues, like open arms and immediately grabs the body, as if it were a treasure. To begin with the hair is aflame. The skin swells and bursts in seconds. The hands and feet then begin to move – since the tendons contract and this causes the limbs to move. The body, all of it, is now burning well, the skin has burst, the fat drips, and you hear the sizzle of the burning flames. You don't see a body any more, only a pillar of hellish fire which surrounds something. The stomach soon bursts. The intestines and innards spill out rapidly, and in mere minutes there is no trace of them left. The head burns for the longest time. From his eyes blue flames sparkle – the eyes are now burning along with the inner marrow, and from the mouth, the tongue is still burning. The whole procedure lasts twenty minutes – and a body, a whole world, has been transformed into ashes.

You stand, frozen, and watch. Now they put in two more. Two humans, two worlds, who had a place in the world, they lived and existed, they acted and produced. They counted in the world, and for themselves, laid a brick in the great building, wove a thread for the world and for the future – and right away, in but twenty minutes no trace of them will remain.

Now there are two more lying there. They've been washed clean. Two young women who had once been gorgeous. They had constituted two worlds on the earth. How much good fortune and joy they had brought to the world. Each smile of theirs was a comfort, their every glance provided happiness, every word enchanting as a heavenly song, wherever they set their feet, they had brought joy and contentment. Many hearts loved them and now they lie here, these two, on the iron frame and the maw will soon open and in minutes there will be no sign of them.

Now, three more are lying there. A child pressed to a mother's breast, so much joy, so much happiness for the mother, for the father, at the time of their child. They built a home, wove a future, their world was idyllic and soon in twenty minutes there will be no trace of them.

The winch travels up and down, bringing countless victims. Like an enormous slaughterhouse, piles of people lie and wait for their turn to be removed.

Thirty hellish maws are now blazing in the two large buildings and swallow the countless victims. It won't take them long and five thousand people, five thousand worlds will be devoured by the flames.

The ovens, they flicker like stormy waves. The fires were lit a long time ago by the hands of barbarians and murderers of the world, who hope to banish the darkness of their gruesome world with its light.

The fire burns boldly and quietly. No one interferes. No one extinguishes it. It continually receives countless victims, as if the ancient martyred people had been especially born for it.

Will you, the great free world, ever see the great flame? Will you, man, sometimes at dusk, stop in your tracks and lift your eyes high towards the deep blue heavens, which are overcast, aflame – you should know, man, that this is the fire from hell, which burns here incessantly. Maybe your heart will warm itself from their fire, and your hands, cold as ice, will come here some time and extinguish the fire. And maybe, your heart will fill with courage and boldness, and grow wings to change places with the victims facing the fire, the hell, which will remain here forever, burning, and consume here in its flames those who kindled it.

Footnotes

1. Zalman Gradowsky organized the revolt against the SS in Birkenau-Auschwitz at the end of 1944 (see earlier article on the Sonderkommando). Some of his writings, in which he describes the gruesome details of the Auschwitz death camp, were found buried near the crematorium, and are now published by H. Chaim Wolnerman  Return
2. [Tr. note: A gruesome allusion to the board on which the body is placed by the Chevra Kadisha to prepare it in Tahara = purity before burial. The contrast to the disposition here in utter impurity is devastating.] Return

[Page 486]

The great catastrophe of our time, during whose process of terrible extermination many thousands were led to the slaughter without any apparent reaction of resistance, fortified the conception of the enemies of Jews, ancient and modern, that the people of Israel are by nature a timid and cowardly people, lacking the courage to defend its honor and lives. Lately, there have been some scathing remarks – not from anti-Semites, but from Jews, and especially from the youth growing up and being educated in Israel. The Jews of the Diaspora are accused of a lack of self esteem, that they allowed themselves to be led like sheep to the slaughter, and that they submitted to those who degraded them without any attempt at resistance. Many of the youth in Israel take exception to these Jews and are ashamed of them, see them and all the generations of the Diaspora Jews as spineless, lacking the will to guard and defend their human dignity, and many of the older generation have become deeply perplexed by the matter.

Let us examine the question of the character of the Jews of the Diaspora – whether such a thing exists – from the long-term historical perspective. From such a viewpoint we can determine by historical facts, and not just assumptions – the character and capacity for response of the Jewish People under varying circumstances, and perhaps arrive at some conclusions.

The Jewish People strode onto the stage of history as a treasured people; it sees itself as the chosen people, and has believed in the depths of its very soul, throughout all the generations of exile, that it is a special people. Ever since it stepped into the arena of nations it appears as one bearing a sublime conception of faith. The Jewish People. in all the ages sees itself as the personification of the notion of truth, goodness, and human nobility; on its banner it has emblazoned the concept of man created in the image of God. Within the vast pagan world enshrouded in darkness, it shines as a blazing torch and a great light, with the concept that the God of the world, creator of all demands that man do the good and the just, and to respect each other. The pride of this people are its marvelous doctrines which stand in great contrast to the pagan world devoid of rational thought. The noble and lofty world view was placed in opposition to the stupidity, foolishness, and wickedness of the great idolatrous empires ruling the world.

Torrents of abuse have been poured on the head of this people throughout all the generations without parallel in history. It was crushed and trampled, humiliated in the dust, its blood shed without fear, maligned and slandered that the curse of God lay upon it for eternity. It was slaughtered, butchered, and burned alive, its blood spilled like water in all corners of the world, its children pursued like mad, leprous dogs from country to country; it was denied all civil rights, and any possibility for humane and dignified existence. Poisonous, venomous hatred encircled it, scorn and animosity were its lot. Why was this so? Whence did the viper suckle its venom? What was its source? The primitive beast in man rises up against lofty human ideals, imaginary forces emerged from the primeval forests to destroy the culture of altruism and the mutual respect of man, which is opposed to the character and nature of the ravening, primordial beast lodged within man.

This people was not broken. That is the greatest marvel of human history. From what source did this people derive the strength and courage to stand up to this floodgate of contempt and hatred, the abysmal malevolence and lust for murder and annihilation? The absolute belief in the validity of the lofty ideals borne by the people provided the colossal spiritual energies to withstand with superb valor, sacrifice, and utter devotion. A cowardly people, lacking courage, would long ago have been crushed and subjugated, would have relinquished all and become extinct without leaving a trace. Only a people composed of courageous individuals, imbued with the powerful awareness of the validity of their ideals would have been ready and able to overcome the mighty waves of contempt and terrible hostility and still remain alive, creative, and dynamic.

A person stands at the crossroads: Either the cross or the pyre of the Inquisition, and with but one word of assent could remain alive and live in opulence, but he preferred to be burned alive, since he did not want to deny the ideals to which he was devoted, such a one cannot be called a coward. The historical facts completely negate the libel of Jewish cowardice. A man who is killed for the faith in which he believes, is a hero, not a coward. Were it not for this marvelous heroism there would not have remained a trace of the People of Israel; that is an undisputed historical fact.

If there is youth in Israel that dares to smear the Jews of the Diaspora with cowardice, it is obvious that he has become detached from the generational continuity and from the primary values of Judaism. He has no understanding of the profound significance of the historic struggle taking place between Judaism and Paganism and Christianity.

The Jewish People is a treasured people without arrogance, a chosen people, loving all who were created in the image of God. In his prayer where he praises God for not having made us like the heathen families of the earth, he continues in his prayer to his Creator, adding the hope that the idols will depart from the earth and that the world should be perfected under the reign of the Almighty, and all mankind will call upon his name, and that his yearning is that every existing being know that “Thou hast made it, and every creature realize that Thou hast created it”. This was a modest people, convinced in the validity of its faith and willing to die for it, and yearning that all the nations would exert themselves to be worthy of the title of man created in the image of God.

The struggle between Judaism and paganism is not over, it renews itself, and takes a different form. Judaism has not despaired of its motto “Let every existing being know that You have made it, and every creature realize that You have created it”. It strives towards the perfection of the world under the reign of the Almighty, its struggle and reckoning with the world's Christian and pagan culture, is not over, it has taken a new form.

Youth that delves into Jewish history of all times, prepared to view comprehensively and penetratingly in a thoughtful and conscious manner Jewish creativity all along the past, will become convinced in the righteousness and greatness of this historic struggle.

With respect to the Shoah, no one who has not been in that terrible situation, the likes of which had never occurred in human history – has the right to accuse the martyrs of the Shoah. One should understand that the planned, premeditated trickery of the Nazis left at all times a ray of hope and the possibility of survival, and when that ray and hope dimmed, the people had reached the point where they were hardly alive, their senses had for quite some time ceased to function in a normal physical way. These were only skeletons and shadows of their former selves who by inertia continued to move and walk about, as it were, for they had long since not been alive. Those that were human beings, who had fled to the forests in good time truly proved their wonderful courage and heroism. It would be a sinful crime for us to stand in judgment over the martyrs according to the concepts of free, living, human beings. We do not have the criteria that make it possible to understand their situation and ability to react reduced to a mere shadow of their former selves, long since but like the walking dead. Were we to add to this the hostile and appalling attitude of the neighboring peoples among whom the Nazis carried out their designs, we would understand how absolutely desperate and hopeless the situation was. No people would or could have acted differently. These skeletons and shadows had but one desire – to be rid of life and liberated from the suffering of the ugly world in which it was not worthwhile to live and breathe. In this filth and defilement it was impossible to want to live, and that was how they felt and reacted, and one can understand them. There were some individuals who took up resistance, and there were special circumstances which made it possible. They were the glorious few who had special ability, but one may not accuse the whole people nor be ashamed of them. It is a fact that those people, the survivors of the Shoah proved their marvelous heroism in the War of Liberation when the possibilities and conditions for struggle existed. Youth standing on the free land of their birth, his own blue skies overhead, and possessing excellent weapons – sins grievously if he were to scorn those who were totally defenseless. This would be a complete misunderstanding of the awful suffering of the martyred victims. Their memory shall always remain with us.

[Page 489]

In 1937, anti-Semitism was pervasive in Oshpitzin, having burgeoned after the death of Marshall Josef Pilsudski two years earlier. There was a Polish Gymnasia [High School] in Oshpitzin which was off limits to Jews, aside from rare exceptions, so that when we graduated from primary school we were faced with the question: “What now?” in all its piercing cruelty. This was the major problem for a large number of local youths. At the initiative of Kehilla leaders, moves were made to organize a kind of Jewish Gymnasia. Mrs. Weinheber, who had left her post at the Polish Gymnasia undertook the administration of our school. Students from all sectors of the Jewish population, who viewed this school as a step towards their future, were admitted. They received both a Jewish and secular education. At this school we also began to organize in terms of political action. My comrades: Avrohom Schwartz, Munik Riff, and I pondered long as to which political group we should join, that would respond to all the problems facing us and to prepare us for the future. We decided to consult the leaders of the Po'alei Tzion in Oshpitzin, the Chaverim Yosef Wertheimer, S. Jerut, M. Weinheber, and A. Ribner and they advised us to join “Gordonia”. That is what we did. We were inducted by Ita Smolowitz and Meir Bialik who led the movement. With their help and instruction, a group of youths was organized and we began with various activities; the study of the Hebrew language, Jewish history, Zionism, and prepared for Aliyah in whatever way possible. From time to time emissaries came from the central organization and instructed us in our activities.

Our membership in “Gordonia” started out as a secret from our parents, but when the plans for Aliyah ripened and the directive from the national secretary of the movement, Mr. Dov Friedman, arrived to be ready for Aliyah, some for Aliyah Bet, and some for Hachshara for youth at Ben Shemen in Eretz Yisrael, we could no longer keep the secret and each of us explained the real situation to his parents. Thus we left our studies and devoted ourselves entirely to movement activities and preparation for Aliyah. The head of our group, Meir Bialik, left with Aliyah Bet to Eretz Yisrael, and I was instructed to get ready for the Ben Shemen group. Due to the opposition of my parents to my Aliyah at that time, I had to relinquish the plan. I took upon myself the task of leading the activities of the “Gordonia” branch which was housed on Jagielonska Street. We ran discussions about general matters, Eretz Yisrael concerns, and current events, such as: The rise in anti-Semitism and the reports that reached us over the border with nearby Germany about the persecution of and attacks on Jews. Then came the “Zbonzhen” [Zbaszyn] episode, a small border transit town between Germany and Poland where thousands of Jews resident in Germany had been deported-dumped. They held Polish passports or were Polish citizens. The coarse cruelty and brutality of the German hobnailed boots, coupled with the negative attitude of the Poles towards the deportees constituted a warning and alarm signal for us all to observe and learn our true situation in this boiling sea of anti-Semitism and hate. At that time the tension along the border also rose, the incitement and mutual recriminations increased. Hitler threatens – and carries it out. On September 1, 1939, the Second World War breaks out, and on that same day the first victims died in our town, and, ironically, they were innocent civilians that were hit by the bombs dropped by the airplanes. Among the others killed that Friday were two youngsters, Zushke Enger and David Schnitzer. Panic spread among the townspeople who were completely bewildered. Next day, on Shabbat, people began to flee without knowing where and what direction to take. They trailed after the Polish army which was in flight and totally disorganized. We also decide to escape from the city, rapidly becoming empty of its Jews, and leave our birthplace to the plundering looters.

The roads to Zator and Krakow were full of men, women, and children, and in the skies above, every once in a while, German planes drop their bombs and wreak havoc and destruction. In this utter rout, people lose their relatives, and families that had tried to stay together are separated; the young and healthy flee ahead in order to distance themselves from the pursuing enemy. Everyone as best he can, but the motorcycle-mounted Germans are much faster and soon overtake them.

Our entire family, still together, reached Wieliczka where we separated; my father, brother, and I fleeing onwards, and my mother, sisters, and two smaller brothers remained behind, in the hope that the Germans would not harm women and children. In our flight we met Polish soldiers “retreating”...When we asked what was happening at the front? They answered: We will yet stop the German beast. Thus passed days and nights for a two week period, and hundreds of thousands were still crowding the roads. We had traveled several hundred kilometers, and things still looked endlessly bleak. We had hoped to reach Lwow, but the German beast outflanked us near Kolbuszowa, at the town of Mednik [?]. This was just before Rosh Hashono 5700. Like many of the refugees that reached the town, we found shelter in the local synagogue. In the morning there were rumors that the Germans had entered the town, nevertheless, we prepared ourselves to hold the services and we, younger ones, stood watch outside. We began to make the rounds in the nearby streets and when we reached the marketplace we saw German soldiers acting as if they owned the place. The entire marketplace had been turned into a gigantic storehouse and we were compelled to unload the trucks laden with all kinds of crates and machinery. After an hour's work, I saw the murderers marching in formation in the direction of the synagogue. I sneaked away and hurried to the synagogue, where hundreds of Jews were at prayer. They had begun saying: “Our Father and King, send a perfect healing to the sick among Thy people”, when the murderers burst inside, beating them, chasing them out while still wrapped in their Taleisim, now bloodstained. It seems they did not sense that I was a Jew, and allowed me to enter the synagogue. I was able to save something of our meager bundles and I saw with my own eyes the great devastation, how they had plundered and desecrated all that was holy to us. While they were stabbing with their bayonets and ripping apart the Torah Scrolls, I stood, hoping that a miracle would transpire in my presence and that the Hand of God would smite them – but the miracle was not to be. They managed to destroy this sanctuary. As I said, I succeeded in saving some of my things, among them my T'filin, which were a treasured possession, as when parting from my mother in Wieliczka, my mother told me to take the T'filin and keep them safe because T'filin protects us from all evil.

Next day, we decided to try progressing eastward, for the rumors had it that the Russians were advancing towards Reishe [Rzeszow], but, already in Kolbuszowa we were caught by German patrols who interrogated us and searched us. They found my T'filin, and when they tore the seams and found the parchments, they said that it was in code and accused me of spying. I was in danger of losing my life. With difficulty and miraculously we succeeded in making our escape and to survive. We fled the place at once, but this time in a western direction to return to Wieliczka in order to find my mother and siblings.

After lengthy wandering, since the roads were packed with straying travelers, we reached Krakow where we found my older brother, a soldier in the Polish army, now detained in a prisoner of war camp at Kubierzyn [?] near Krakow. There were hundreds of Jews among thousands of Poles, all looking completely exhausted. A rumor was making the rounds that they were going to be released. After a stay of several weeks in Krakow, we learned that my mother and siblings were in Oshpitzin, so we decided to return there as well. After a difficult trek we finally reached home. We found nothing whole, everything was ruined, many homes were occupied by the Germans or Poles. There was a serious scarcity of food and basic necessities, but we hoped that somehow things would slowly work out and we would be able to exist.

At year's end, in 1939, we were instructed to wear a white armband with the blue Star of David on our right arm. A curfew was enforced from six p.m. until morning, and many other decrees were issued. With the start of 1940, a Kehilla Council was organized, headed by Mr. Yosef Gross and Yosef Mannheimer. The anti-Jewish decrees grew in number, youths were seized for various work-details, searches were made in the homes, and people were afraid to leave their homes. As Passover approached, everyone tried to somehow celebrate the holiday, despite the terrible economic plight. On the first day of the holiday, I met my friend Yosef Grubner on Sienkiewice [?] Street, and while we were standing there we heard the call: “Jude, halt!” [Jew, halt!]. I fled from there to the home of Dr. Tillinger, a dentist for whom my brother worked, I took off my coat and sat down at the table as if I were in the middle of a meal. At once, an SS man appeared at the door and shouted: “Where is the Jew that just ran away from me?” I pretended to be dumbfounded, not understanding, and to my good fortune, he apparently did not recognize me, and left the house. Next day, my father received notice to report at the Kehilla Council as a painter. We decided that I should go in his place. When I arrived there, I became frightened, since the same SS man from yesterday was there. He only asked me if I was an experienced painter. When I replied in the affirmative he told me to round up wagons in town and to join him. Together we went to all the paint shops in town and he ordered me to remove all the merchandise in each place. He then demanded 200 able-bodied men from the Kehilla and marched us all off to the former Polish army garrison, where I was instructed to paint the rooms of three two-storied buildings, and to do so within three days. One day, an SS officer handed me a note to take to the “Kultusgemeinde” [Kehilla Council]. The note was stamped: “K. L. Auschwitz”. At that time we did not yet understand the meaning of these initials. Some said that it was a prisoner of war camp, and the like, but no one believed it to mean Konzentrationslager (concentration camp). Meanwhile, prisoners began to arrive: German political dissidents, and Polish intelligentsia. One day, as I was at work in the carpentry shop, the SS officer in charge turned to me and ordered me to prepare crates measuring 2 x 2 meters. To my question : What were they for?, he replied – to cremate people, and he added that we will also destroy and cremate you. That was the situation, fear reigned supreme and we were helpless. The rumors increased and the youth began to organize for escape. The word came that a group was organizing to leave – to travel to Eretz Yisrael. Chaver Yosef Mannheimer was in charge of this operation. A group was chosen which would leave first for Bratislava, via Cieszyn and Mosty Szlonska, including Mannheimer's daughter, the granddaughter of Sedger [?], and myself, as the head of the group. We were to reach Mosty and meet two Czech smugglers in one of the houses there, who would lead us through the Beskid [mountain range] to Slovakia. We walked, ten of us with the two Czechs who ordered us to proceed without turning around. The path was snowed over and the going was hard, bur our morale was high knowing that we were walking towards freedom and safety. After many hours of tiring hiking in the mountains, at five in the morning we suddenly heard the sharp sounds of a whistle. The Czech guides disappeared immediately, the noise around us increased, and shots were heard. We scattered in all directions attempting to escape, but soon found ourselves surrounded on all sides by German soldiers who ordered us: “Surrender”. They rounded all of us up and led us back to Mosty Szlonska, where they put us in jail. Two days later they sent us back home. This was on Friday, and on Sunday, the police arrested the entire group and the parents. We were kept under arrest for a number of days under terrible conditions. One of those arrested was Yosef Mannheimer, and since he was one of the Kehilla leaders, Moshe [Munik] Merin of Sosnowice, interceded in his behalf to free him, and we, together with him, were all released.

One day, I was summoned by Moshe Mannheimer to come to the Kehilla Council offices, where I found Szlamek Zimmerman from Bedzin, a “Gordonia” leader waiting for me. We had a conversation lasting hours; we received information about what was happening in the cities all over Poland, about the decrees and the murders, and that there were places where the youth was beginning to organize preparations to defend themselves. We learned that in Szrodula, near Sosnowice, a Hachshara farm had been established by Zionist youth. At a meeting with Czarna, Munik Merin's secretary, it was proposed that we should attempt to set up a Hachshara farm in the Haber House in the Stawy village. This did not materialize, because we did not get the authorities' approval. One fine day, Chaver Zimmerman showed up with a group of people from Bedzin and Sosnowice: Ahron Rotner, Zalman Tenenbaum, Kalman Lederman, and Paula Brafman who were to be the founding members of the Hachshara group. These were assigned to stay with local members until Yosef Mannheimer decided to assign a room in his home, and in that manner the “Hachshara” came into being.

We maintained contacts with youths in all kinds of places and with the “Grojen [?] Kibbutz” near Warsaw. We also received word from Nosen Schwalb in Switzerland, and later we received parcels of food and clothes. The Chaverim were sent out to work by the Kehilla which paid their wages. Osher Ribner took an active and continued interest in our work. On one of the Sabbaths in the summer of 1941, the entire group went out for a swim in the Sola River, not far from the “Iron Bridge”, over which the trains passed. Chaver Kalman Laderman was caught in a whirlpool and drowned. His body was recovered only two days later. This was a severe blow for us, but we continued in spite of that to maintain contact with the youth and to encourage and prepare them for coming events, and to be ready, should we succeed, to make Aliyah.

As time passed the size of the concentration camp grew and expanded, swallowing the villages in the area and also approached the city. The “Aussiedlungen” [deportations] began. The Jewish Council got an order to supply hundreds of youths to work camps in Silesia. Among the first to be sent to a “work-camp” were a substantial part of our group. We were assembled in the “Hotel Herz” where we parted from our families, and on the same day we are transferred to a camp of barracks in Annaburg. We worked at building the “Autostrada” [superhighway]. We tried to unite the group in one hut, and, in that fashion, we were able to stay in touch with each other, and in some small way also with the outside. Then, the black day came, the day when Himmler's commissioner, Obersturmbannführer Lindner arrived and removed all who were in the infirmary and transferred them to the Auschwitz Camp. Among these unfortunates were six Bachurim from Oshpitzin, who we learned shortly thereafter were reported dead. They were liquidated in a few weeks and their ashes were given to the Chevra Kadisha in Oshpitzin in exchange for 50 Marks per box. Their ashes were buried surreptitiously in the Oshpitzin cemetery. We, ourselves, began to realize that it was not as we had been told at first, a work camp, but a camp designed to destroy us physically. We were supposed to work from early in the morning until late at night, at hard labor, in the freezing cold and snow, under the worst conditions. They stopped giving us the letters sent from home and stopped all contact with home and the world outside. Month after month went by and turned into years. The hunger, humiliation, the tortures, and the hard labor depleted our strength and we almost lost human form. People stopped thinking or showing interest in anything other than just once having a complete meal or being able to rest. Something strange then happened to me in the Gross Sarna camp in Silesia. One night, we came back from work, broken, exhausted, and haggard. We fell on our bunks, and suddenly, we heard faraway voices, strange, yet familiar. I got up to find out what it was. The darkness was complete. I stepped out to approach the sounds until I came to a hut where hundreds of prisoners were crowded together. A solitary candle was lit in the corner and the men are shaking to and fro – and they are praying. – Could it be Yom Kippur today? – was my passing thought. The prayer continued for quite some time, perhaps for hours (I lost track of time) and without anyone being worried that the Germans were liable to appear at any moment, the rustling whispers of the worshipers got louder, the groans stronger, and the weeping louder until the service was ended with the mighty call: “Next year in Jerusalem!”

Our group had disintegrated some time back, the people scattered, as they were transferred to other camps, and who knows how many of them were still bearing up. As the year 1945 approached, rumors spread that the front was coming closer, and then the mobility of the prisoners increased. They led us from place to place like sheep to the slaughter and treated us worse than animals. Driven and deported, we dragged ourselves with our last bit of strength on the roads and through the forests, in frost and snow, thousands fell on their last journey so near the end. We arrived at Buchenwald. “This is your last stop” – we are told. The situation here is utterly unbearable, some thousand men crowded into one block, from which around a hundred bodies are removed every day to be burned. The treatment of the French and the Czechs was completely different, because we were, after all, Jews under sentence of death.

In the early part of March we were again called to report for another march, this was the “March of Death” towards Theresienstadt. I was among the few who didn't fall on the way, and I remained in Theresienstadt for two months until the liberation on May 9, 1945.

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