Encyclopaedia of Jewish communities. Romania (Volume I)

Encyclopaedia of Jewish Communities in Romania
(Volume I)

Translation of
Pinkas ha-kehilot. Romanyah: entsiklopedyah shel ha-yishuvim ha-Yehudiyim
le-min hivasdam ve-`ad le-ahar Sho'at Milhemet ha-`olam ha-sheniyah.

Editors: Dr. Jean Ancel, Dr. Theodore Lavi, Aviva Broshi, Zvi Shal

Published by Yad Vashem

Volume I - Published in Jerusalem 5730/1969

Our sincere appreciation to Yad Vashem for permission
to put this material on the JewishGen web site.

This material is made available by JewishGen, Inc. and the Yizkor Book Project for the purpose of
fulfilling our mission of disseminating information about the Holocaust and destroyed Jewish communities.
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JewishGen, Inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of the translation. The reader may wish to refer to the original material for verification.
JewishGen is not responsible for inaccuracies or omissions in the original work and cannot rewrite or edit the text to correct inaccuracies and/or omissions.
Our mission is to produce a translation of the original work and we cannot verify the accuracy of statements or alter facts cited.

Towns listed in Encyclopaedia of Jewish Communities in Romania Vol. I

Additional places in Transnistria

Translated by Shalom Bronstein

Title Pages 1

Introduction by Jacob Robinson 7

Comments of the Editorial Staff 13

Terminology, Spelling, Transliteration 16

History of the Jews of the Regat - Dr. T. Lavi*
To the End of World War I

1. Historical and Geographical Data 19

2. The Beginning of Jewish Settlement in Romania 20

        A. Facts and Conjectures 24-15

        B. Jews in the Princedoms of Walachia and Moldova 21-22

        C. The Establishment of Jewish Town in Moldova 22-24

3. Internal Organization 24

        A. The Haham Bashia 24-25

        B. The Guilds 25-26

        C. The Reorganization of the Communities as a Result of the Mendelsohnian Influence 26-27

4. The First Stages of Anti-Semitism in Romania 27

        A. The Religious Basis 27-29

        B. The Economic Factor 29-30

        C. The Organic Code 30-31

5. The Beginnings of the Struggle for Equal Rights 31

        A. The 1848 Revolution 31-32

        B. The Intervention of Foreign Powers and the Attempts of Intercession of Foreign Jewish Notables 32-35

        C. Congress of Berlin 35-40

6. Organized Anti-Semitism and its Principals 40

        A. The Social and Economic Background 40-41

        B. The Theoretical Platform 41-43

        C. The Earliest Anti-Semitic Organizations 43-44

        D. The Jewish Reaction – First Attempts at Political Activity 34-37

7. The Pre-Zionist Movement 47

        A. First Waves of Immigration 47-55

        B. The Beginnings of Settlement in Eretz Yisrael 45-48

        C. The Hovevei Zion (Lovers of Zion) Movement 58-61

8. Attempts at Organizing the Communities 61

9. Cultural and Spiritual Life 67

        A. Jewish Creativity in Hebrew 67-83

        B. Jewish Literature in Yiddish 83-84

        C. Jewish Literature in the Romanian Language 84-91

10. Intensification of Anti-Semitism in the Beginning of the Twentieth Century 91

        A. Immigration on Foot 91-94

        B.The Farmers' Rebellion 94-95

        C. Koza and Yurga – The Founders of the National Democratic Party 95-97

        Persecution of the Jews During World War I 97-98

11. The Organized Jewish Reaction 98

Between the World Wars

1. Geographical and Economic Data 106

2. The Struggle for the Recognition of Rights as Citizens 107

3. Romanian Anti-Semitism 111

4. Internal Organization 118

        A. The Legal Status of the Communities 118-119

        B. Internal Political Trends 119-124

        C. The Zionist Movement 124-128

5. Cultural and Spiritual Life 128

        A. Jewish Creativity in Hebrew 128-133

        B. Jewish Literature in Yiddish 133

        C. Jewish Literature in the Romanian Language 133-141

The Holocaust

1. The Nazi Penetration of Romania 141

2. The Goga-Koza Government 142

3. The Dictatorship of King Carol II and the German Pressure to Enforce Anti-Semitism 144

4. The Situation of the Jews during the Royal Dictatorship 146

5. The Struggle of Romania's Jews to Defend Their Rights 148

6. The National-Legionnaire Government 151

7. Short Intermezzo – “Legalized” Anti-Semitism 154

8. The First Stage of the War 155

9. The Struggle for Jewish Defense in Romania after the Outbreak of the War 159

10. “The Jewish Center” 165

11. Jewish Leadership Comes to the Defense 174

        A. “The Final Solution” Regarding the Jews of Romania and the Ways to Subvert It 174-175

        B. The Jewish Underground Council 175-177

        C. The Zionist Organization and Aliyah to Eretz Yisrael 177-186

        D. The Underground Pioneering Movement 186-189

12. Towards the End of the War 189

        A. The Political Situation 189

        B. Activity to Repatriate the Exiles 189-196

        C. Activity for Self-defense 196-198

13. The Period of the Holocaust – Results and Conclusions 198

        A. The Balance Sheet of Losses 198-199

        B. Changes in the Demographic and Economic Status of Romania's Jews 199-201

        D. Other Conclusions 201-203

14. Shearit Hapleita – The Survivors 203

Sources and Methodological Problems 204

Bibliography 209

* The chapters on Jewish Creativity (5A and 9A) were written by Mr. Joseph Cohen
and the chapters on Jewish literature in Yiddish (5B and 9B) were written by Mr. Nathan Mark. Return

Regat – Historic Romania
Page number follows name of location

Adjud 3

Bacau 10

Bacesti 9

Barlad (Birlad) 17

Beresti 88

Bivolari 77

Botosani 29

Bozieni-Bals 29

Braila 78

Bucecea 39

Bucuresti 40

Buhusi 21

Bujor 28

Burdujeni 76

Buzau 24

Caiuti 227

Calafat 228

Calarasi 229

Campina 230

Caracal 231

Codaiesti 232

Constanta 232

Copou-Targ 235

Corabia 235

Damienesti 101

Darabani 102

Dorohoi 104

Draguseni 110

Dranceni 111

Falciu 192

Falticeni 188

Focsani 203

Foltesti 202

Frumusica 225

Gaesti 89

Galati 90

Garlele-Gazariei 99

Giurgiu 100

Hanesti 111

Harlau (Hirlau) 111

Heci-Lespezi 117

Herta 118

Husi 114

Iasi 141

Ibanesti 8

Ibanesti 8

Liteni 176

Marasesti 177

Mihaileni 180

Moinesti 177

Moreni 179

Negresti 181

Nehoiu 182

Odobesti 4

Oltenita 6

Onesti 6

Panciu 193

Parincea 195

Pascani 195

Piatra-Neamt 208

Pitesti 216

Ploiesti 218

Plopana 224

Podul-Iloaei 197

Puesti 202

Pungesti 203

Racaciuni 245

Raducaneni 240

Ramnicu-Sarat 242

Ramnicu-Valcea/Ramnicul de Olt 241

Ripiceni 254

Roman 246

Rosiori-de-Vede 253

Roznov 245

Sascut 184

Saveni 183

Sculeni 187

Slatina 186

Stefanesti 255

Sulita 185

Targoviste 124

Târgu-Frumos 130

Targu-Gloduri 125

Targu-Jiu 126

Targu-Neamt 127

Targu-Ocna 123

Tecuci 138

Tibana 226

Tiganasi 226

Tulcea 132

Turnu-Magurele 134

Turnu-Severin 135

Urziceni 7

Valea-Rea 120

Vaslui 120

Southern Transylvania

History of the Jews of Southern Transylvania 261-271

The Romanian Name is followed by the Hungarian Name

Aiud/Nagyenyed 274

Alba-Iulia/Gyulafehervar 277

Arad/Arad 279

Beius/Belenyes 286

Beliu/Bel 289

Blaj/Balazsfalva 288

Brad/Brad 290

Brasov/Brasso 291

Buteni/Korosbokeny 286

Buzias/Buziasfurdo 285

Calatele/Kiskalota 339

Campia Turzii (Ghiris)/Aranyosgyeres 340

Caransebes/Karansebes 341

Ceica/Magyarcseke 338

Cermeiu/Csermo 339

Chisineu-Cris/Kisjeno 343

Ciacova/Csak 337

Ciuleni/Incsel 338

Curtici/Kurtos 342

Deta/Detta 298

Deva/Deva 295

Dumbraveni/Erzsebetvaros 297

Fagarash/Făgăraş 331

Faget/Facsad 334

Geoagiu/Algyogyfalu 294

Gurahont/Honczto 294

Hateg/Hatszeg 298

Hunedoara/Vajdahunyad 300

Iernut/Radnot 316

Jimbolia/Szombolya 302

Lipova/Lippa 320

Ludus/Marosludas 318

Lugoj/Lugos 316

Lupeni/Lupeny 319

Medias/Medgyes 321

Mociu/Mocs 322

Nadlac/Nagylak 322

Orastie/Szaszvaros 273

Oravita/Oravicabanya 273

Orsova/Orsova 274

Pancota/Pankota 335

Petrila/Petrilla 337

Petrosani/Petrozseny 335

Radna 343

Resita/Resicabanya 344

Rovine-Pecica/Vilaagos-Pecska 344

San-Nicolaul-Mare/Nagyszentmiklos 323

Sarmas/Nagysarmas 324

Sarmaselul/Kissarmas 326

Sebis/Szaszsebes 326

Sibiu/Nagyszeben 327

Sighisoara/Szgesvar 329

Tarnaveni/Discoszentmarton 302

Teius/Tovis 307

Timisoara/Temesvar 308

Tinca/Tenke 315

Turda/Torda 304

Uioara/Marosuyvar 272

Vintul de Jos/Alvincz 301

Vulcan/Vulkan 300

Transnistria

Transnistria – An Area of Exile and Annihilation 349-388

Transnistria – Camps and Ghettoes 389-390

Acmecetca 399

Alexandrovca 398

Ananiev 398

Arva 400

Balanovca 400

Balchi 402

Balta 400

Bar 403

Berezovca 409

Bersad 411

Birzula 407

Bogdanovca 404

Bondurovca 407

Brailov 410

Britavca 410

Bucov 407

Budi 406

Capusterna 494

Capustiani 494

Cariera de Piatra 496

Cariscov 497

Carlovca 498

Cazacioivca 494

Cernevti 493

Cetvertinovca 491

Chianovca 505

Cicelnic 492

Codima 498

Colosovca 500

Conatcauti 500

Copaigorod 501

Crasnoie 507

Crijopol 508

Crivoje-Ozero 507

Cucavca 504

Cuzminti 499

Derebcin 425

Dimidovca 425

Djurin 421

Domanovca 419

Dubasari 418

Frunza 490

Golta 414

Gorai 415

Grabivti 416

Grosolova 417

Hrinovca 441

Iampol 451

Iarisev 454

Iaruga 452

Israelovca 398

Ivascauti 397

Kernasovca 509

Klokotnia 506

Kurievka 505

Ladejin 455

Lozova 457

Lucincic 459

Lucinet 457

Luhova 456

Mala-Kiriuca 459

Manicovca 460

Marinovca 461

Martinovca 461

Mateewka 459

Miscovca 478

Moghilev 461

Molocneea 473

Mostovoi 473

Murafa 475

Nemerci 478

Nestervarca 479

Nicolaevca 478

Odessa 390

Oleanita 397

Olgopol 395

Ozarinet 394

Pasiuca 487

Pavlovca 487

Peciora 488

Penchivca 488

Popivti 487

Rabnitza 509

Sargorod 511

Savran 480

Scazinet 485

Slidi 486

Slivina 483

Smerinca 440

Stanislavcic 482

Stepanchi 483

Suha-Balca 481

Sumilova 517

Tatarovca 442

Tibulovca 491

Tiraspol 445

Tivriv 444

Tridubi 449

Trihati 449

Tropova 448

Trostinet 447

Tulcin 443

Vapniarca 426

Varvarovca 432

Vazdovca 426

Verhovca 438

Veselinovo 438

Vigoda 436

Vindiceni 436

Vinoj 437

Vladislavca 438

Voitovca 433

Vorosilovca 434

Zabocrici 439

Zarudnyce 440

Zatiscea 439

German Camps Across the Bug River

German Camps across the Bug River by Dora Litani 518
(Map 520-521)

Berezowka 528

Bratslaw 526

Bugakow 525

Czukow 539

Krasnopolka 540

Michajlowka 531

Narajewka 536

Nicolaev 538

Niemirow 536

Oradowka 525

Owamgorod 525

Seminca 539

Talalajewka 528

Tarassiwka 529

Teplik 530

Ustia 524

Mass graves in Transnistria by Dora Litani 541

Maps

Roman Dacia 21

Waves of Jewish Immigration to Romania 22

Jewish Settlements in Regat [Historic Romania] 104

Greater Romania in 1930 107

Romania after the Annexation of Bessarabia and Bukovina to the Soviet Union,
Northern Transylvania to Hungary and Southern Dovrodgia to Bulgaria (Fall 1940) 145

Earliest Jewish Settlements in Transylvania (1620-1735) 264

Jewish Settlements in Southern Transylvania 280

Transnistria – Camps and Ghettoes 520

Mass Graves in Transnistria 545

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Towns listed in Encyclopaedia of Jewish Communities in Romania Vol. I
Additional places in Transnistria

Translated by Shalom Bronstein
Title Pages	1
Introduction by Jacob Robinson	7
Comments of the Editorial Staff	13
Terminology, Spelling, Transliteration	16

History of the Jews of the Regat - Dr. T. Lavi* To the End of World War I
1. Historical and Geographical Data	19
2. The Beginning of Jewish Settlement in Romania	20
A. Facts and Conjectures	24-15
B. Jews in the Princedoms of Walachia and Moldova	21-22
C. The Establishment of Jewish Town in Moldova	22-24
3. Internal Organization	24
A. The Haham Bashia	24-25
B. The Guilds	25-26
C. The Reorganization of the Communities as a Result of the Mendelsohnian Influence	26-27
4. The First Stages of Anti-Semitism in Romania	27
A. The Religious Basis	27-29
B. The Economic Factor	29-30
C. The Organic Code	30-31
5. The Beginnings of the Struggle for Equal Rights	31
A. The 1848 Revolution	31-32
B. The Intervention of Foreign Powers and the Attempts of Intercession of Foreign Jewish Notables	32-35
C. Congress of Berlin	35-40
6. Organized Anti-Semitism and its Principals	40
A. The Social and Economic Background	40-41
B. The Theoretical Platform	41-43
C. The Earliest Anti-Semitic Organizations	43-44
D. The Jewish Reaction – First Attempts at Political Activity	34-37
7. The Pre-Zionist Movement	47
A. First Waves of Immigration	47-55
B. The Beginnings of Settlement in Eretz Yisrael	45-48
C. The Hovevei Zion (Lovers of Zion) Movement	58-61
8. Attempts at Organizing the Communities	61
9. Cultural and Spiritual Life	67
A. Jewish Creativity in Hebrew	67-83
B. Jewish Literature in Yiddish	83-84
C. Jewish Literature in the Romanian Language	84-91
10. Intensification of Anti-Semitism in the Beginning of the Twentieth Century	91
A. Immigration on Foot	91-94
B.The Farmers' Rebellion	94-95
C. Koza and Yurga – The Founders of the National Democratic Party	95-97
Persecution of the Jews During World War I	97-98
11. The Organized Jewish Reaction	98

Between the World Wars
1. Geographical and Economic Data	106
2. The Struggle for the Recognition of Rights as Citizens	107
3. Romanian Anti-Semitism	111
4. Internal Organization	118
A. The Legal Status of the Communities	118-119
B. Internal Political Trends	119-124
C. The Zionist Movement	124-128
5. Cultural and Spiritual Life	128
A. Jewish Creativity in Hebrew	128-133
B. Jewish Literature in Yiddish	133
C. Jewish Literature in the Romanian Language	133-141

The Holocaust
1. The Nazi Penetration of Romania	141
2. The Goga-Koza Government	142
3. The Dictatorship of King Carol II and the German Pressure to Enforce Anti-Semitism	144
4. The Situation of the Jews during the Royal Dictatorship	146
5. The Struggle of Romania's Jews to Defend Their Rights	148
6. The National-Legionnaire Government	151
7. Short Intermezzo – “Legalized” Anti-Semitism	154
8. The First Stage of the War	155
9. The Struggle for Jewish Defense in Romania after the Outbreak of the War	159
10. “The Jewish Center”	165
11. Jewish Leadership Comes to the Defense	174
A. “The Final Solution” Regarding the Jews of Romania and the Ways to Subvert It	174-175
B. The Jewish Underground Council	175-177
C. The Zionist Organization and Aliyah to Eretz Yisrael	177-186
D. The Underground Pioneering Movement	186-189
12. Towards the End of the War	189
A. The Political Situation	189
B. Activity to Repatriate the Exiles	189-196
C. Activity for Self-defense	196-198
13. The Period of the Holocaust – Results and Conclusions	198
A. The Balance Sheet of Losses	198-199
B. Changes in the Demographic and Economic Status of Romania's Jews	199-201
D. Other Conclusions	201-203
14. Shearit Hapleita – The Survivors	203
Sources and Methodological Problems	204
Bibliography	209

* The chapters on Jewish Creativity (5A and 9A) were written by Mr. Joseph Cohen and the chapters on Jewish literature in Yiddish (5B and 9B) were written by Mr. Nathan Mark. Return

Regat – Historic Romania Page number follows name of location
Adjud	3
Bacau	10
Bacesti	9
Barlad (Birlad)	17
Beresti	88
Bivolari	77
Botosani	29
Bozieni-Bals	29
Braila	78
Bucecea	39
Bucuresti	40
Buhusi	21
Bujor	28
Burdujeni	76
Buzau	24
Caiuti	227
Calafat	228
Calarasi	229
Campina	230
Caracal	231
Codaiesti	232
Constanta	232
Copou-Targ	235
Corabia	235
Damienesti	101
Darabani	102
Dorohoi	104
Draguseni	110
Dranceni	111
Falciu	192
Falticeni	188
Focsani	203
Foltesti	202
Frumusica	225
Gaesti	89
Galati	90
Garlele-Gazariei	99
Giurgiu	100
Hanesti	111
Harlau (Hirlau)	111
Heci-Lespezi	117
Herta	118
Husi	114
Iasi	141
Ibanesti	8
Ibanesti	8
Liteni	176
Marasesti	177
Mihaileni	180
Moinesti	177
Moreni	179
Negresti	181
Nehoiu	182
Odobesti	4
Oltenita	6
Onesti	6
Panciu	193
Parincea	195
Pascani	195
Piatra-Neamt	208
Pitesti	216
Ploiesti	218
Plopana	224
Podul-Iloaei	197
Puesti	202
Pungesti	203
Racaciuni	245
Raducaneni	240
Ramnicu-Sarat	242
Ramnicu-Valcea/Ramnicul de Olt	241
Ripiceni	254
Roman	246
Rosiori-de-Vede	253
Roznov	245
Sascut	184
Saveni	183
Sculeni	187
Slatina	186
Stefanesti	255
Sulita	185
Targoviste	124
Târgu-Frumos	130
Targu-Gloduri	125
Targu-Jiu	126
Targu-Neamt	127
Targu-Ocna	123
Tecuci	138
Tibana	226
Tiganasi	226
Tulcea	132
Turnu-Magurele	134
Turnu-Severin	135
Urziceni	7
Valea-Rea	120
Vaslui	120

Southern Transylvania
History of the Jews of Southern Transylvania	261-271
The Romanian Name is followed by the Hungarian Name

Aiud/Nagyenyed	274
Alba-Iulia/Gyulafehervar	277
Arad/Arad	279
Beius/Belenyes	286
Beliu/Bel	289
Blaj/Balazsfalva	288
Brad/Brad	290
Brasov/Brasso	291
Buteni/Korosbokeny	286
Buzias/Buziasfurdo	285
Calatele/Kiskalota	339
Campia Turzii (Ghiris)/Aranyosgyeres	340
Caransebes/Karansebes	341
Ceica/Magyarcseke	338
Cermeiu/Csermo	339
Chisineu-Cris/Kisjeno	343
Ciacova/Csak	337
Ciuleni/Incsel	338
Curtici/Kurtos	342
Deta/Detta	298
Deva/Deva	295
Dumbraveni/Erzsebetvaros	297
Fagarash/Făgăraş	331
Faget/Facsad	334
Geoagiu/Algyogyfalu	294
Gurahont/Honczto	294
Hateg/Hatszeg	298
Hunedoara/Vajdahunyad	300
Iernut/Radnot	316
Jimbolia/Szombolya	302
Lipova/Lippa	320
Ludus/Marosludas	318
Lugoj/Lugos	316
Lupeni/Lupeny	319
Medias/Medgyes	321
Mociu/Mocs	322
Nadlac/Nagylak	322
Orastie/Szaszvaros	273
Oravita/Oravicabanya	273
Orsova/Orsova	274
Pancota/Pankota	335
Petrila/Petrilla	337
Petrosani/Petrozseny	335
Radna	343
Resita/Resicabanya	344
Rovine-Pecica/Vilaagos-Pecska	344
San-Nicolaul-Mare/Nagyszentmiklos	323
Sarmas/Nagysarmas	324
Sarmaselul/Kissarmas	326
Sebis/Szaszsebes	326
Sibiu/Nagyszeben	327
Sighisoara/Szgesvar	329
Tarnaveni/Discoszentmarton	302
Teius/Tovis	307
Timisoara/Temesvar	308
Tinca/Tenke	315
Turda/Torda	304
Uioara/Marosuyvar	272
Vintul de Jos/Alvincz	301
Vulcan/Vulkan	300
Transnistria
Transnistria – An Area of Exile and Annihilation	349-388
Transnistria – Camps and Ghettoes	389-390
Acmecetca	399
Alexandrovca	398
Ananiev	398
Arva	400
Balanovca	400
Balchi	402
Balta	400
Bar	403
Berezovca	409
Bersad	411
Birzula	407
Bogdanovca	404
Bondurovca	407
Brailov	410
Britavca	410
Bucov	407
Budi	406
Capusterna	494
Capustiani	494
Cariera de Piatra	496
Cariscov	497
Carlovca	498
Cazacioivca	494
Cernevti	493
Cetvertinovca	491
Chianovca	505
Cicelnic	492
Codima	498
Colosovca	500
Conatcauti	500
Copaigorod	501
Crasnoie	507
Crijopol	508
Crivoje-Ozero	507
Cucavca	504
Cuzminti	499
Derebcin	425
Dimidovca	425
Djurin	421
Domanovca	419
Dubasari	418
Frunza	490
Golta	414
Gorai	415
Grabivti	416
Grosolova	417
Hrinovca	441
Iampol	451
Iarisev	454
Iaruga	452
Israelovca	398
Ivascauti	397
Kernasovca	509
Klokotnia	506
Kurievka	505
Ladejin	455
Lozova	457
Lucincic	459
Lucinet	457
Luhova	456
Mala-Kiriuca	459
Manicovca	460
Marinovca	461
Martinovca	461
Mateewka	459
Miscovca	478
Moghilev	461
Molocneea	473
Mostovoi	473
Murafa	475
Nemerci	478
Nestervarca	479
Nicolaevca	478
Odessa	390
Oleanita	397
Olgopol	395
Ozarinet	394
Pasiuca	487
Pavlovca	487
Peciora	488
Penchivca	488
Popivti	487
Rabnitza	509
Sargorod	511
Savran	480
Scazinet	485
Slidi	486
Slivina	483
Smerinca	440
Stanislavcic	482
Stepanchi	483
Suha-Balca	481
Sumilova	517
Tatarovca	442
Tibulovca	491
Tiraspol	445
Tivriv	444
Tridubi	449
Trihati	449
Tropova	448
Trostinet	447
Tulcin	443
Vapniarca	426
Varvarovca	432
Vazdovca	426
Verhovca	438
Veselinovo	438
Vigoda	436
Vindiceni	436
Vinoj	437
Vladislavca	438
Voitovca	433
Vorosilovca	434
Zabocrici	439
Zarudnyce	440
Zatiscea	439

German Camps Across the Bug River
German Camps across the Bug River by Dora Litani	518 (Map 520-521)
Berezowka	528
Bratslaw	526
Bugakow	525
Czukow	539
Krasnopolka	540
Michajlowka	531
Narajewka	536
Nicolaev	538
Niemirow	536
Oradowka	525
Owamgorod	525
Seminca	539
Talalajewka	528
Tarassiwka	529
Teplik	530
Ustia	524
Mass graves in Transnistria by Dora Litani	541

Maps
Roman Dacia	21
Waves of Jewish Immigration to Romania	22
Jewish Settlements in Regat [Historic Romania]	104
Greater Romania in 1930	107
Romania after the Annexation of Bessarabia and Bukovina to the Soviet Union, Northern Transylvania to Hungary and Southern Dovrodgia to Bulgaria (Fall 1940)	145
Earliest Jewish Settlements in Transylvania (1620-1735)	264
Jewish Settlements in Southern Transylvania	280
Transnistria – Camps and Ghettoes	520
Mass Graves in Transnistria	545