R' Avraham Yakov Fuchs. A humble old Jewish bartender. Feibish Fuchs, his son, was a small-built, small-time merchant who enjoyed learning. Every Shabbos afternoon he joined R' Aaron Keish to hear Torah from the 'source'. His sons, Menachem and Yitzchak Fuchs went house to house as private teachers.

His son-in-law Yakov Fishkis was an egg dealer. His son-in-law Fishel owned a one-horse carriage in which he shuttled passengers to Kolomyja for a quarter of the price of the train. He was also the intermediary between a local storekeeper and his supplier from Kolomyja. Another son died young but he had two boys, Eliezer and Aaron (Orche) Fuchs. They both owned a carriage and continued shuttling merchandise to and from Kolomyja. Aaron later immigrated to the United States and it is rumored he left Judaism and became a gangster.

R' Avraham (Avremel) Toy. A tall man, a landowner, had a large house and a barn next to the train station. He had a few children who were educated in Cheder and farming. R' Leib Toy, his son, married Chaike, the daughter of R' Tzvi (Rubin) and they both left Zablotow and emigrated to the United States.

R' Avraham (the son of Menche) was a Gemara and bible Teacher. He was a sickly man and died young. His brother Fishel was an economist working for a landowner. A second brother, Netta, inherited their mother's small house and had a small pottery shop. He used to display his wares on the sidewalk in-front of the shop, where passersby often tripped over them, causing commotion and fights. Netta's son-in-law, R' Avraham Laker was his heir. He was from Putila, became a Chasid of the Demycze's Rabbi and brought up his children with a proper Jewish education.

R' Avraham Chelm had a house across from the synagogue with a carpentry workshop, and a shed for his son's horse and carriage.

R' Avraham Leib Chamdrool, a simple Jew had a house across from R' Yehoshua Miller and later moved across the Jail. He was a small time pottery dealer and augmented his income as a beggar. He also used to help himself to meals at community festive dinners. He trained his children in pottery and a bit of Jewish education. His Brother-in-law (or other relation), R' Yisrael Kovale, lived with them.

R' Avraham Karmes was a merchant and had a small house. He provided his children with a proper Jewish education.

R' Avraham Hager, an honest man produced Honey at his home. Nisan and Hainich Hager, his sons, were educated to live as proper God worshipping Jews.

R' Alter (Leibel) Greif was a scholar, worked as a bartender and inherited a large house in Demycze. Every Shabbos he gave a lecture in the old Beit Hamidrash on the weekly portion of the Torah. He was a wonderful interpreter and 30-40 people attended the lecture which started at three PM and lasted two hours. He never missed a lecture despite the long walk from Demycze. His student loved him and gave him great honor. R' Yitzchak Greif, his eldest son, had a large house and a brick factory out of town. R' Yakov Greif, his son-in-law, was a well respected scholar and owned a large warehouse for lumber and roofing material. R' Chaim Greif, his second son, was a merchant and owned a house. R' David Greif, his third son, was a great scholar, continues his Jewish studies, became an expert in Jewish Law and accepted the position of a Rabbi somewhere in Galicia.

R' Alter Perel's, a great scholar was first a merchant then later when he lost his money became a very successful teacher. Tzvi Perel's, his son, inherited his father's tradition.

R' Alter (Yehuda Moshe) Teicher was an honest and quiet Jew whose occupation was bartending and an artist. Used to give a lecture on Shabbos to the young boys and also during the week whenever someone asked him. He lived to an old age. R' Eeliezer, his only son, married a woman from Mold-Banila, moved there and later on moved to Chernovtsy.

R' Eliezer (son of Ranche) Rosenthal was a tremendous scholar, belonged to Kosov's Chasidim, was a merchant, then later a teacher.

R' Eliezer Shtal. R' Alter Shlomo Yitzchak, his son-in-law, was an old scholar and the Chazan for 'Kol Nidre' and 'Neila'( the first and last prayers on The Day of Atonement) at the Kosov's Synagogue.

Izidor Orenshtein, Principal of "The Baron Hersch School" and a well respected teacher.

R' Anshel Ruven Rubin, one of the veterans and important house owners, well respected man, he participated in many charities. He had a large general merchandise store where his wife, Chayke, also worked. She was a modest good hearted woman who gave a lot to charity. Their children, too continued in their parents way of charity and contributing to the community.

R' Meir Karsel (a brother of R' Moshe Yehuda. See 15.3 Above), a simple honest man, was a leather dealer. His wife dealt in oil. Avraham Karsel, his son, Moved to Naduvrna where he was a general trader. R' Chaim, the second son, lived with his parents and had a share in the leather business. They lived not far from three synagogues and he used to run into all three every day to participate in a prayer in each one, even in the cold winters. His main synagogue was the Kosov, where he had possession of the Weekly Maftir. R'' Yehuda was a scholar who occasionally had articles in the Magid and left Zablotow as a youngster. He may have emigrated to the United States. R' Mechel who died very young was a genius. Meir, Yitzchak and Yehoshua were all killed by the Germans.

R' Isaac Boimel. A respected man, learned, a Chasid of R' Mendele from Demycze and used to pray at the Viznica's synagogue. Had a large house at the center of town. Used to lend money to the people from town and farmers in the area. His son rented a farm in Voytsekhovitse, was a Chasid like his father. Son-in-law R' Moshe Yupiter, learned, a Chasid of the Rabbi of Demycze, and used to read weekly from the Torah on Shabbos in the Viznica's Synagogue. Was a money changer for Jews and Gentiles. R' David, an educated, and a vigorous learner. Although he did not receive a formal trade education, he established a store for steel products in his grandfather's house and became very successful in a very short time. He had a great advantage whereby buyers found him to be very honest and reliable. Was a Chazan in Viznica synagogue and a very accepted member of the community. Tzvi (Hershke) Yupiter, a land dealer and for a short time also had a brick factory and traded in firewood.

R' Avraham Voltzer, a wealthy man, had a large stone house in front of the market with a large wine and whiskey cellar. Was a partner in Profanation (see 19 below) as a bartender and inn-keeper. Carriages of guest and passers-by were always parked in his large yard, especially during market days. Neta Voltzer. Sons-in-law R' Yakov Tau and Kalman Shapira.

R' Efrayim Menashe Shocher, a tall man with a long white beard across his chest. A scholar, very knowledgeable in bookkeeping and served as trustee of the Profintion for most of his life.

Efrayim Shocher had all of these qualifications. He was the manager, the bookkeeper, the secretary, the seller and the buyer. He had all the people required. The lessees and renters had no knowledge about the commercial aspects of the business till they received their share when the end of yearbooks was prepared. Profit was large since they were allowed to set prices as they wished. R' Efrayim remained the Trustee although Lessees where changed from time to time. He was one of the "generals" of the rabbi of Viznica and the secretary of the "R' Meir Ba'al Ha'ness" Charity Funds collected in the vicinity including in Viznica. He, his sons and grandson lived in Demycze, all prayed regularly in synagogues in Demycze. He had sons and daughters, all educated in the Torah way.

R' Efrayim Fond, was a great scholar very knowledgeable in the bible, book and paper goods seller. Since this trade did not provide sufficiently, he was also a teacher and taught eight young boys all the Jewish subjects and Hebrew grammar. His lectures lasted all day and each of his students was proficient in all these subjects. His sons too were properly educated in Torah and general knowledge. R' Yitzchak Fond, a smart and knowledgeable man, and very respectable leather merchant. Immigrated to the United States where he lived comfortably. R' Moshe Fond, a smart and knowledgeable man, moved to Kolomyja where he made his livelihood with his brothers-in-law in the brick industry. R' Yeshaya Fond immigrated to Canada where he died at a very young age.

R' Eelkana Kogler, A pious Jew, a Viznica Chasid with a large general merchandise store, was one of the more important citizens of town who donated generously to charities. Educated his sons in Torah and general knowledge too. Did not live long and died at mid-life.

R' Aryeh Leib Rosenboim, a respectable and knowledgeable man, had a house with a wall and dealt in general merchandise. Impoverished lately and forced to sell his house, he became a broker.

R' Aryeh Leib Melamed, owned a small house in an alley and traded in wheat. His wife sold flour and eggs from the house. Gave their children a Torah education. Eliezer Melamed, worked with his father in the business. After the death of his parents he moved with his wife Beila, daughter of R' Shlomo Salpeter, and their family to the United States where he made a living in commerce.

Mr. Izidor Reizel, Finished his studies in Lwow University, returned to Zablotow as the property manager for the Government Courts. The Judges treated him with respect. He excelled in his community activities, was well respected and behaved as expected from a religious man. Was once elected by the District Governor to be the Jewish Community Leader.

R' Asher Zilberman, came to Zablotow with a group from Zorov in Russia where he was a bookkeeper and accountant for a Whiskey distillery, with R' Yisrael Friedman. Purchased a large house in Demycze, opened a grocery store, donated to charities and had no children.

R' Tzion, the son of R' Chaim Toy, graduated from the Hebrew academy of Rabbi Dr. Yung in Krakow. Studied Jewish and general subjects at his home, was active in community matters especially Zionist oriented, and was one of the first to work with the younger generation to bring them up with the love of Torah, the Jewish-People and the Land of Yisrael. Was a merchant all his life and for a while was considered to be a rich man. Did not emigrate to Eretz Yisrael and was killed with the others in 1942.

R David Kalir, an educated man, a bookkeeper and employee of the "Rosenbaum Bank". A respectable, honest man involved in public activities for the community and Zionist causes. Educated his children in Torah on one side and general knowledge on the other.

R' Hersh Nusberg, an honest merchant educated his children in Torah and general knowledge and was among the contributors to the community.

R' David Toy, son of Yoseph and Chana, an honest man who had a large house with a tavern. His son-in-law R' Shmuel Sharf from Kolomyja, inherited his house and tavern.

R' Zev Shatenfeld, R' Simcha Shochet's son-in-law, a respected and honest person who had a grocery store attached to his house. He educated his children in Torah and general knowledge. Later sold the house and moved to Kolomyja.

R' Zaide Altman, Son of R' Mandel, was educated in Cheder and continued studying Torah and Gemara. Following his marriage he moved to Gankovtsy where he became a general merchant. Educated his children in the honest and proper way.

R' Zalman Mintzer, lived for many years in Popiyelniki, where he was a farmer and a general merchant, accumulated some property and gave to charities. Moved to Zablotow following the murder of his father by local farmers due to his improper activities (such as; loan sharking) and many court trials, where he continued for a while in merchandising but lost everything and became a beggar and lived off handouts till his death.

R' Zanvill Grunvorg, a Kosov Chasid, and a land dealer. Raised his children in the proper way.

R' Gedalya Shafer, a learned merchant. Inherited R' Alter Leibel's position as a public teacher on Shabbos in the old synagogue. R' Alter Shafer was a merchant. His wife, daughter of Mooki Feivels had no children and died young.

R' David Zinger, son of R' Chaim Zimel Zinger, moved to Germany following his marriage. His children were educated in general knowledge and immigrated to Israel.

R' Hendel Shechter, R' Leibel Rubin's son–in-law, a scholar God-fearing Jew who barely survived from his grocery store. Was a Viznica Chasid and became a successful slaughterer in the town of Shatz in Bukovina. His son-in-law R' Berl was also a slaughterer in Cheresh in Bukovina.

R' Davis Tau, son of R' Shmuel, was a wealthy man, a merchant and a moneylender. Was probably the first who used the Pruth River to deliver wood. Till then they used rafts to bring the wood from the Karpathian Mountains. He purchased the wood destined to Rumania from the merchants, got them from the river onto his large yard where his craftsmen built two roomed wooden houses. He sold these houses at good profits, by payments plan and some Jews even purchased them.

R' Eliezer Adlershtein, a respected citizen who prayed at the Kosov synagogue. Had the sole salt dealership from the government factory in Kosov and Delyatin. Emigrated to Eretz Yisrael in his old age with his wife and lived in Zefat.

R' Chaim Zev Blushtein, A scholar who sat and learned Torah day and night. His wife Kani was a good-hearted person known for her good deeds. At the beginning R' Chaim was a "trustee" (see 19 above) at the Semakovtsy Whiskey distilleries and a bookkeeper and accountant at his brother-in-law's business, R' A.V. Meltzer. Later he moved to Zablotow to his house in Demycze. His capable wife opened a grocery store, which provided them with their income. They educated their children in Torah and general knowledge.

R' Chaim Walfram, a scholar who owned a General Store where his wife and daughters worked. It was the largest store in town with Jewish and Gentile patrons from town and the surroundings. R' Chaim behaved as a Chasid and belonged to the Chortkov's Chasidim. Gave generously to charities. Rabbi Mendele Walfram was one of his sons.

R' Chaim Zimel Singer, a well respected man, a scholar, form the important members of the Kosov community, used to read the Torah, was a wonderful Chazan during the High Holidays, and was Mayor and chairman of the community for a while. His large home housed a tavern, which was usually full with men drinking whisky, wine and beer. In his cellar he had the most sought after Kosher for Passover wines.

R' Yehuda Singer a scholar, 'afflicted" with a little general knowledge Prayed in Kosov synagogue and excelled as a Chazan there during the High Holidays with his soft and pleasant voice. This was despite living in Tulukov where he rented a tavern and owned some land. Was amongst the largest merchants and exporters. R' Yoseph Halpren, his son-in-law was R' Moshe Sheiner Halpern's son, first lived in Vienna then in Tel-Aviv. Died in mid-life.

R' Chail Ber Ebenshtein, a scholar in Torah, an excellent Tanach teacher.

R' Chaim Roysner, R' Yeshayahu Shechter's son-in-law, was an important merchant.

R' Chaim Shetner from Kuti, knowledgeable in general science, was a merchant in Zablotow together with his father-in-law R' Moshe Sheiner (see 41.1.1 above). Immigrated with his wife Esther to Berlin where he was successful in commerce. Was a Chasid, opened a synagogue in his own house, and was known for his hospitality and charity all his life. Educated his children in Torah and general knowledge. Was among those killed by the Nazis.

R' Chaim Hirsh Perchase Greif, a merchant, a Viznica Chasid. Had a large house, but no children.

R' Chaim Locker, owned a large house, dealt in leather and wool clothing from the local farmers. Was well respected and belonged to the Kosov's Chasidim. Educated his sons in Torah and general knowledge.

R' Chaim Deitch (Family name or a nickname), owned a large house in the center of town (which was sold to R' M. Sheiner after his death) and was a wheat dealer. Educated his sons in Torah and general knowledge. R' Alter his son, inherited the house and the business.

R' Yehuda Bloch, son of R' Menachem Bloch, a Kosov Chasid who had an unsuccessful business of soap and candles. Remarried to a woman from Delyatin, moved there but was still unsuccessful the rest of his life.

R" Yehuda Treter, worked for a long time in R' Chaim Walfram's (see 40 above) store. After his marriage with Tzipora he opened his own successful store in his father-in-law's house. Was accepted in the community and educated his sons in Torah and general knowledge. His wife Tzipora was a capable woman who helped in the store.

R' Yoseph Shafer, a homeowner and merchant, was caught in a felony. After his repentance he became honest and charitable. Educated his sons to be honest merchants.

R' Yakov Gleikshtern (Yankel Bomes) owned a house in Demycze next to the Jail, was a Kosov Chasid, prayed there and was a Chazan and a known singer in the synagogue. Was a successful wheat dealer and educated his sons in Torah and general knowledge. R' David Gleikshtern graduated from Teachers College and was a teacher in Baron Hirsh School in Kolomyja. Following his marriage to Eta, daughter of R' Meshulam Simcha Linder, he inherited a large house in Kolomyja, left his teaching position to open a large successful store of wool and silk fabrics. Educated his son and daughter who were great students, in Torah and general education. The Nazis killed the whole family in 1942.

R' Yitzchak Fond, son of Manche, was a relative and a student of R' Efrayim Fond and absorbed his teachings. Married a farmer's daughter, moved to the farm and became a successful farmer and land dealer.

R' Yisrael, son of Shlomo, an honest scholar and a Chasid who made his livelihood as the only one in town sawing leather for shoemakers. Was known for his honesty.

R' Yitzchak, son of R' Hirsh Leib Zeinreich, was a scholar, and a son-in-law of R' Tzvi the son of Yakov Toy. Moved to Vienna during First World War and became a successful merchant. Was an honest man and educated his sons in Torah and general knowledge.

R' David Keish was educated by R' Efrayim Fond. His stepson was a scholar and among the most enthusiastic Chasidim of Kosov, participating in daily lectures. Following his marriage they moved to Kolomyja where he opened a store. Educated his son in Torah. Immigrated to the United States and brought his parents over.

R' Yitzchak Isaac HaCohen Meltzer, an honest simple man from the "generals" of Rabbi Chaim from Kosov. His wife, Tova Shprintze was modest and righteous. R' Yitzchak owned a large property and a mill in Chlebiczim next to Zablotow, and rented land and forests. Both were famous for their generosity, hospitality and charity to the poor. In their house they had rooms and a kitchen exclusively for hospitality. Their children continued to be at home table after their marriages as long as they lived in Chlebiczim.

R' Yehoshua Preminger, owned a large house, was rich and well respected in town and was a Viznica Chasid. Used to lend money to local farmers.

R' Yehoshua Miller, a modest man, knew how to learn Torah, prayed in Kosov's synagogue, read the Torah sometimes and was a Chazan. Inherited his father-in-law's house including a boarding house, a place for carriages and a tavern where his wife and daughters always worked.

R' Yoseph Ruven Shechter, a scholar, had a house and used to lend money to local farmers. Faltered in his business and was caught in a felony.

R' Yoseph Gold had a house in Demycze and owned a sesame seed oil factory. Used to Pray at the Kosov synagogue where he was Chazan on Shabbos.

R' Yoseph Shpinner, owned a house and a large lumber warehouse including roof shingles, and boards. Was one of the more successful in that business. He and his wife donated to charities all their lives and supported the needy. Elyahu Shpinner joined his father in the business and later inherited it. Anshel and Lena Shpinner were killed in the Holocaust in 1942 & 43.

R' Yoseph Balan owner of the Town's Bathhouse was a Kosov Chasid. His brother, Zev Balan was top in this field. They both were honest city attendants and well respected.

R' Yoseph Keish HaLevi, a scholar was an attendant at the Kosov synagogue for a long time. When this did not provide sufficient earnings he weaved fringed garments (Tzitzit) and had many customers from the synagogue.

R' Yoseph Tilinger, a successful grain merchant.

R' Shmuel Tilinger, his eldest, was a great scholar, God fearing Chasid, extremely knowledgeable in the Torah and Rabbinical dynasties. Between the Wars was a Gabay at R' Chaim Hager's synagogue.

R' Mordechai Tilinger was a merchant who moved to Kolomyja following his marriage.

R' Yitzchak (Etche) Tilinger was educated on Torah and general knowledge. Became a lumber dealer and owned land. Was an excellent Chazan on the High Holidays at R' Chaim Hager's synagogue where he sang from his own melodies. Was very smart and well versed in German literature.

R' Yitzchak Tillinger, R' Yoseph's brother, was a very respected man a general merchant and a Gabay in the main synagogue for many years.

Figure 4
R' Yissachar Toy

Yehuda Tillinger, his only son, was educated in various Cheders, excelled in his studies , was very smart, had a sharp mind and good memory, but was light headed. Following his marriage he concentrated on general studied and languages. Later he left Zablotow, settled in Vienna where he attended Rabbinical School and befriended R' Tzvi Peretz Chayot, Michael Berkowitz, Y. L. Landau, Dov Wachshtein and others. He successfully continued his studies in more colleges, however, to the dismay of his family, converted to become a priest who preached blasphemy. He authored a booklet full of venomous insults and slander at the Jewish Nation, sighting 'clear proof' to Rholing's statements about Jewish hands being soiled with Christian blood for Passover and other vicious criticism of the Jews. A few years later, this black sheep was discovered by R' Yissachar Toy from Zablotow and by the author Gershon Badder, working as a Rabbi and a preacher at a religious synagogue in New York. It was not clear whether he had repented or used the position as a cover, but G. Badder publicly unveiled his mask by publishing his true identity in the local Jewish and Yiddish paper. Tilinger left his post and disappeared forever. He brought great shame to his family especially his mother who mourned this traitor son (His father died suddenly, maybe out of sorrow).

R' Feivel Angler was R' Yoseph Tilinger's son-in-law. He exported grain all the way to Germany. Was a wealthy man who educated his sons in Torah and general education.

R' Yeshaya Shechter, a grocer, was Zelig Adlershtein's partner in government's salt marketing. Despite the long walk to the old synagogue, he used to walk there daily in order to pray in a Minyan (Ten people). In his old age he emigrated to Eretz Yisrael and died in Zefat. 65.1 His sons were Yoseph, Meir, Tzvi and Zev.

R' Yehuda Tzvi Rosenboim, owned a house and had a business in agriculture. His wife was a daughter of R' Avraham Yitzchak Garfunkel (see below).

R' Avraham Yitzchak Garfunkel was an honest Chasid who together with his wife Chaiche, owned a large store selling steel products.

R' Yeshaya Bartler, a Scholar a student of R' Yecheskel Itzik from Kolomyja. Together with some partners he owned "Profanation" (see above). Was a distinguished man in town, prayed in Kosov synagogue. R' Moshe Bartler a scholar, lumber merchant. Emigrated to Eretz Yisrael in 1948 with his wife and one son, who survived the war. Chana, R' Moshe's daughter emigrated to Eretz Yisrael and became a member of Kibbutz Ashdot-Yakov.

R' Yeshaya Adlershtein, a well respected scholar who rented an agricultural farm and was a partner with R' Eliezer Bartler (a brother of Yeshaya Bartler, see 68 above) in Forestry. They had business connections with Agafsowitch from Tulukow. They had a large forest in Bukovina. His son, R' Eliyahu Adlershtein, rented the large mill in Zablotow. R' Natan Adlershtein was a car dealer in Tel-Aviv.

R' Meir Elazar Sheinhorn, owned a large house in the center of town, educated his sons in Torah and a little general knowledge in accordance with the times.

R' Meir Rata, a respected man, had a large house in the center of town, was fluent in local languages which made him famous. Had a tobacco business selling Government approved chewing and smoking tobacco. Was also the sole dealer of Lottery tickets in Zablotow and the surrounding towns. Very few Jews had the honor-obtaining license to sell lottery tickets, only those well known and perfectly honest managed to get it. Was well respected among Jews and Gentile alike. Was elected as head of the citizens, a position he held most of his life and was accepted by most citizens for his achievements. Belonged to Kosov Chasidim, followed R' Yankele and used to participate in their gatherings.

R' Menachem Bergman (Ridniker), an old but strongly built, wide shouldered man who owned a tavern and a hostel which had many guests coming and going daily. Carriages moved constantly in and out of the gates. The yard in front of the house served as an entrance to the market for men, women, merchants, dealers, buyer and farmers. The fish market was held in his house on Thursdays and Fridays.

R' Moshe Yakov Fishel an old, quiet man who walked daily to the synagogue despite the long distance from his house. Dedicated a large airy room in his house for daily learning with eight other friends from 8:00AM till 9:00 PM. R' Zanvill Fishel owned properties and was a merchant. An honest man who belonged to the Kosov Chasidim.

R' Mendel Altman had a house not far from the tobacco factory which provided his livelihood. Was a Kosov Chasid. R' Meir Rubin, his son-in-law was an honest man who owned a famous bakery.

R' Menachem Maher, an important member of the community. He sat and learned while his wife Reizel, sold wheat and eggs from their house. He was head of the rabbinate in Petashnizin where he answered Halachic questions and arbitrated in fiscal conflicts. Was well respected especially among those praying in the old synagogue where he was a Chazan during the High Holidays. Educated his sons in Torah and general knowledge.

R' Mordechai Shfarber, an honest and modest man sat and learned all his life. Had a house on the road to Kolomyja and a store in his brother's house' R' A. L. Shfarber, attended by his wife Rosa and his sons. Was a sick man and died young survived by his wife and four children.

R' Moshe Shnaryahu Shfarber had a house and business but lost them and lived off charitable donations. Later, together with God's help, became a successful matchmaker. R' Natan Shfarber was unsuccessful as a Yiddish and German teacher.R'' Asher Pasternak, his son-in-law was an honest man, first as a merchant and later as a teacher. Inherited land and a house in Bukovina where he became successful.

R' Menachem Bloch, a pious scholar. At his young age he manufactured candles and soap. Later became a private teacher and taught a few boys. R' Avraham Bloch was an exporter. In his house he had a factory that manufactured pig hair and feather brushes. Educated his sons in Torah and general knowledge. R' Zeide Bloch inherited the business. R' Berish Bloch was a merchant. He lives in Haifa, Israel R' Alexander Shtempler, R' Avraham's son-in-law, was a Torah scholar and a Chazan. He was a banker in Mielchi.

R' Mordechai Tzvi Fogel, a tenacious student of Torah. A young teacher whose talents enabled him to purchase a house and properties. He became a successful land dealer and in sold wood for heating. Later he became a moneylender. His son Zenvill Fogel and the others were very smart. Shlomo and Avraham Fogel were very active in Zablotow's Zionist Movement. Lazil Shtein, his son-in-law, was a scholar who owned a house and a store.

Fisher brothers, R' Mordechai and R' Asher Anshel were important egg exporters to Germany. Both owned houses and R' Mordechai had a wholesale wheat and egg store in his.

R' Menachem Tseichner was a poor and unfortunate man whose wife and father-in-law dominated his life. He had a fish store.

R' Meir Charab, the son of R' Avraham the plasterer had a very sharp mind for Gemara.

R' Meshulam Epshtein, a descendant of a dynasty of Rabbis, behaved like one both at home and in the Kosov synagogue where he was an important member

R' Moshe Guthartz, had a house and was an important merchant. R' Eliyahu Guthartz was an important merchant. R' Neta Guthartz was a scholar who sold wigs to the Gentiles. Educated his sons in Torah, general knowledge and Jewish identity. Supported Zionism and sent his son Yakov to Eretz Yisrael. He supported him and sent him money to buy a house and land, but Yakov did not succeed which frustrated his father whom died at a young age and did not fulfil his dream to immigrate to Eretz Yisrael. R' Yakov Guthartz emigrated to Eretz Yisrael and was one of the first pioneers of Hertzelya. (his son Amos and family still reside in Hertzelya -1998)

R' Michael, named Korales was a teacher in the old Beit-Midrash on Shabbos. He was an egg wholesaler.

R' Moshe Zanvil's Toy, one of the wealthiest men in town who had business relations with large property owners.

R' Zev Toy a scholar of the Kosov Chasidim. Owned a house and a store for various fabrics, but most of his time was spent learning Torah. Was the first to enter and last to leave the Kosov synagogue. Was considered one of the "Ten Bums" of town (A nickname given to the most serious and devoted). `Practice blowing the Shofar during the whole month of Elul (proceeding the High Holidays). His wailing prayer at the onset of the blowing of the Shofar on Rosh-Ha Shona (New Year day) was heart breaking. His Shofar blowing was loud and trembling. But about making a living? He would rather have it done by others. His very capable, smart and diligent wife, Sassy, "brought home the bread". She was the grocer, the house manager and the teacher of her sons. She had two sons from a previous marriage:

She died young survived by her second husband, R' Zev Toy, and three young orphans. After her death the house lost its shine and dwindled till the death of R' Zev. His brother Pesach raised one daughter.

R' Pesach Toy, R' Moshe's third son, was raised by his brother R' Yakov following the passing of both his parents. Was a good hearted man and a scholar. Inherited his father's fortune and married a rich man's daughter from Stanislavov. He moved there, opened a store and a successful wholesale flour warehouse. Was a Chortkov Chasid. During the War of 1914 he, with his family and other refugees escaped to Vienna. Here he was free from his business so he turned to the spiritual and found the cause of the disaster and the end of this world. He found in the book of "Daniel" clues and secrets that the cruel Russians and their righteous corroborators – The Kaiser Franz Joseph and his partner William who emerged as heroes from that terrible war, will bring long lasting redemption to this world. The Jews too will benefit and will return to their homeland. Based on these dreams, fantasies and hallucinations he published a German booklet (probably with the assistance of others) filled with clues and prophecies which he sent to the Court, Ministers, Army Generals and all the worldly, great people of that era. He received thanks, great responses and reviews from them and collected these into a book, which cost him a fortune. He sent it to many of his friends to show how well accepted he had become in the world. If he was mistaken, he was not the first and only one; many before him misled the world with their hallucinations. As a whole he was an honest man, donated large sums to charities and was close to Zionism.

R' Moshe Tau, son of R' Anshel. A scholar who inherited a house and some land leased to a Gentile. He was a clerk too and a private lawyer but with a limited income. His brother, Neta, inherited some land too. He lived in Il'intse and had commercial ties with the locals.

R' Moshe Yoseph Dreamer was a pious Jew, a scholar who owned a large house and a store. Educated his sons R' Chaim and Meir Zeassi in Torah and general knowledge.

R' Moshe Shechter (nick-named Polki) was an old Jew, Gabay in Viznica synagogue, and owned a house in Demycze. R' Mordechai Keish was his son-in-law.

R' Moshe Rosenboim, a well respected member of the community, owned a large house in the market square where he ran a hostel and a restaurant for a while then a wine and whiskey store (for the Profanation) with a storage room in the cellar. Leased an agricultural farm.

R' Menachem (Mendel Tchanchick), a pious Jew, a Chazan on holidays in various small communities. Educated his children in Torah and the worship of God. His wife, Meryassi, was a modest trader standing at her booth in the market selling toys and household goods.

R' Mordechai (Motel) Beizer, was R' Zalman Gerstenhaber's son-in-law who was mostly busy studying Torah. R' Mordechai was a scholar, and a respected merchant. His daughter and her husband R' Tzvi Toy lived in Tel-Aviv.

R' Meir Hanish, a scholar and very knowledgeable. Was R' Zalman Gerstenhaber's son-in-law from Il'intse. For a while was working in R' Tzvi Toy Yakob's on the river ferry. Later became a merchant in town and active in community work.

R' Mordechai nicknamed Zeide Vitchi's (namely; the son of the widow Vitchi, who had a large house in the market square). He was a scholar and intellectual. He gazed and got hurt; He was hooked by Missionaries and fled to London, England where he was an active member in their missionary work. His family, especially his mother, tried desperately to save him but was unsuccessful. Suddenly he shocked his mother when he re-appeared in town, repented and returned to Judaism. The joy of his family which accompanied his return was short lived when he got sick and died suddenly a few months later. The elders and women said that he died so soon after his return from London because he fled from his instigators but they had his photo with which they cast a spell on him, then poisoned and burnt the photo. This caused his death in Zablotow. His demise became an example for parents warning their children not to follow in his footsteps. However, those who denied these follies explained that all his family died of Tuberculosis and Pneumonia, and the filthy London air worsened his condition and hastened his death.

R' Moshe Alter, from a Russian family who came with Rabbi Yisrael Freidman from Rucsin. He lived for a while in Dzhurov and had a whiskey distillery. Later he moved to Zablotow where he purchased a large house in Demycze. He was well respected and had vast income from his business in Dzhurov. Educated his children in Torah and general knowledge. Yecheskel Alter moved to Bukovina where he was employed as a manager and bookkeeper of a whiskey distillery. Yehuda Leib Alter. His only daughter married R' Shalom Fuchs.

R' Moshe Greif (Hersh) who was a moneylender to the local farmers. Educated his two sons in Cheder and taught them reading and writing. R' Yoseph Greif moved to his father-in-law's house in Kolomyja after his marriage, and became a major merchant of grain and flour. R' Efrayim moved to his father-in-law's house in Kosov after his marriage, and became a major merchant of grain and fruit.

R' Moshe Sheiner, owned a house in the center of town (formally R' Chaim Deitch's house), had commercial ties outside the country, dealing in tools, shovels, shears, steel, leather, wool and silk fabrics. Prayed in the Kosov synagogue. Educated his children in Cheders and general knowledge. His son Yoseph Halpern moved to Germany and became wealthy. A few years ago immigrated to Israel, purchased a large house and died in Tel-Aviv in 1946.

R' Moshe Toy, son of Yoseph owned a large house in the center of town, was a merchant and bartender. Prayed in the old synagogue. Educated his sons in Cheders and prepared them for real life. His brother-in-law, was R' Aaron Yosis, a scholar who owned a large house next to his. His son, Chaim Tzvi was for a while an excellent economist for a large property owner in the vicinity.

R' Moshe son of the elder R' Shmuel Yakov, both pious serious Jews, strict in their keeping of the Jewish Laws. Owned a large house in town next to the Polish School. Both were supervisors on agricultural farms. One summer day in 1881 clouds covered the sky, lightning and thunders broke out with heavy rains. Suddenly there was a tremendous noise as if the city had exploded. Then it was discovered that a lightning had struck R' Moshe's house, killing him there. Nobody else from his family, nor his elderly father was injured. His funeral was attended by most of the citizens.

R' Moshe Leib Mimlis moved to Zablotow from Brady on the border with Russia, with two government licenses: One for running a tobacco (Chewing and smoking) store, the only such license in the town and the surrounding villages (approximately thirty in district). The second was for selling lottery tickets for lotteries from Vienna, Berlin and Lwow. Although he was an elderly man he put in a full day's work every day, and was quick in his trade. Behaved as a Kosher Jew and spent each free minute learning Torah (usually the book "Akedat Yitzchak"). Following the tragic death of his son (See below) his fortune did not shine either. A few years later he was accused of embezzlement related to his licenses, was found guilty and sentenced for one year. Whether he was jailed or ran away he disappeared forever and was never seen again in Zablotow. We can pity this men, "Righteous man are scrutinized with a fine comb". The Anti-Semite judges considered a shadow as a mountain. Those who say that he erred are mistaken.

R' Noach Altman had a large house with a store near the tobacco factory, where he provided the needs of the factory workers. He was a scholar and a Kosher Jew, who walked daily to the synagogue despite the long distance. R' Moshe Altman was educated in Torah, inherited his father's house and business.

R' Noach Gerstenhaber, son of R' Zalman Gerstenhaber, an honest merchant.

R' Nechemya Shfarber, an old scholar who continued his studies daily following his work.

R' Neta Zeinrich one of the elders of the town and very well respected, an unofficial teacher of the Community Committee, who sat and learned day and night. His modest wife sold flour and eggs from their house and had a comfortable income. R' Tzvi Aryeh (Hirsh Leib) Zeinrich, a scholar, a Viznica Chasid and a follower of R' Mendele from Demycze. Had a leather store where he made a comfortable income. Educated his sons in Torah and general knowledge. They made their way in various vocations. Berish Zeinrich and his family live in Tel-Aviv, Israel R' Netanel Freidman was R' Neta Zeinrich's son-in-law. He was a scholar, a Viznica Chasid. Had a large house next to the Great Synagogue where his wife sold flour and eggs. R' Tzvi (Hershel) Menchel, another son-in-law, a Chasidic scholar, merchant of forestry, leased an agricultural farm and kept moving around to live next to his business. Was unsuccessful and lost his money. R' Moshe was an important merchant but later lost everything and just wandered around.

R' Natan Heikel had a small house in the market square, sold pots and wooden pans in partnership with his brother R' Avraham. They lived like Yissachar and Zevulun whereby R' Avraham sat and learned Torah and R' Neta shared his profits with his brother. Educated their children in Torah. R' Avraham was sick and died in midlife.

R' Natan Keren, a scholar, R' Yakov Toy's son-in-law who had a large lumber warehouse and a large house. Excelled in his work in the community and Zionism. Motel Keren was educated in Torah and was a student in the Hebrew Academy in Stanislavov. The whole family was killed in 1942.

R' Natan Chavtan (Bander), was the only one who manufactured barrels required for eggs export. Was a simple and honest man.

R' Natan son of R' Shlomo Zalman Keish, born in Obertyn. Following his marriage to Freida, the daughter of R' Gershon Shfarber he moved to Zablotow, inherited his father-in-law's house and opened a leather goods store.

The Keish Family was a descendant of the tribe of Cohanim. It is rumored that they had a family tree dating back hundreds years ago, but it was burnt.

R' Natan sold mainly to the local Gentile farmers, his Jewish shoemakers customers adored him, trusted him and respected him. During the slow summers he spent more time learning Torah at home. He was hospitable especially during Shabbos and Holidays. He built the first synagogue for the Hager Dynasty in Kosov and served four generations of the Hager dynasty, financing it on his own. The glorious airy and roomy building stood on the way to Kolomyja and had room for 100 men and 100 women in the gallery. Most of the congregation respected him and on Shabbos came over to his house to have a drink of wine, whiskey, beer, eat cakes and "kugel" and sing Shabbos melodies.

His wife, Frieda had her own linen and salt store to finance her charitable donations. She died in 1886 at the age of approx. 70.

R' Natan was born approximately in 1815 and died in 1888 in Zablotow.

R' Feivel Rata, a Pious Jew. Chasid from the followers of the Viznica Rabbi and Rabbi Mendele from Demycze. Was familiar with Jewish Law, a knowledgeable mathematician and practiced old-fashioned bookkeeping. Most of his life he was a "trustee" of the town's Profanation, first under the authority of R' Efrayim Menashe Shicher. Following R' Efrayim's death he became the Trustee and the bookkeeper. His son R' Yakov Rata, a scholar, was a bartender most of his life at the Profanation facility. His son emigrated to Eretz Yisrael from Germany. He purchased a house in Sheinkin in Tel-Aviv where he lives with his family. Esther married R' Shimon Hirsh. After their divorce she remarried a hotel owner and restaurateur in Stanislavov.

R' Fishel Rata son of R' Tzvi, one of the important men in town inherited his father's house and business of government licenses to deal in tobacco and lotteries. He was active in community work and in Zionism. R' Yitzchak Isaac, his brother moved to Sniatin following his marriage He too possessed government licenses for Tobacco and lotteries, and excelled in Community work in town.

R' Pertz Sisman, a scholar who owned a large house and warehouse of lumber and roof shingles. Moved with his family to Vienna during the first war where he purchased a forest and a profitable lumber mill. Educated his sons to general knowledge. Died in Vienna. One of his sons was son-in-law of R' Tzvi Toy, son of Yacov Toy.

R' Tzvi son of Anshel Toy, a scholar who owned a house in the market square with a large linen and silk store. Mirche, his wife was a very capable woman who assisted her husband in his business, spent her time working for charities. Educated their children in Torah and general knowledge.

R' Tzvi Grager (a Family name or a nickname), a well respected man dealing in grain. R' Yoseph was his heir and inherited his business.

R' Kalman Shapira, R' Avraham Valtzer's son-in-law, a scholar, grain dealer usually in bulk export. Educated his sons in Torah and general knowledge. After a few years he left Zablotow and returned to Shatz, his birthplace, and to the forestry and lumber business. The family became well known for their honesty, trust and successful merchants. Moved with his family to Chernovtsy in his old age.

R' Ruven Shechetr (Golde Rose's), owned a house with a General Goods Store in Demycze. R' Zalman was educated in Cheder and knew Gemara. Following his marriage he moved to Storozinec where he had a partnership with his brother-in-law, R' Peretz, in kerosene and candles.

R' Shabtay Shteinberg, (Ethel's) owned a house. He and his wife were merchants of flour and grain. His sons, R' Eliezer, R' Avraham, R' Mechel and R' Tzvi were educated in Cheder and became grain dealers.

R' Shimon Drukman, born in Bukovina, had a house in Demycze, was a Chasid and an honest merchant. Educated his children to honesty and was well respected. One of his sons is in Israel.

R' Shlomo Zalman Dolberg, a respectable scholar, who had a large house at the market square. He was a leather dealer. His son, R' Yakov was a scholar. Immigrated to the United States. His second son, R' Mordechai was a watchmaker and jeweler and later immigrated to the United States as well. His sons-in-law were well versed in Torah. One of them, R' Eliezer Ranche's (Rosenthal) was well known in Zablotow.

R' Shmuel Grunworg, a respected scholar, an enthusiastic follower of the Rabbi from Kosov and walked daily form his house out of town to the synagogue. Was an important merchant of grain and properties.

R' Shlomo Shusheim, a scholar familiar with book research. Lectured regularly on Shabbos about Jewish Legends to a large crowd who loved and cherished him He educated a whole generation in the love of Jewish Ethics and morality and to Zionism. Later he moved to Stanislavov where he continued the same activities and joined the Mizrachi Organization. Educated his children in Torah and general knowledge. One of his sons is A.L. Shusheim, a well-known author and publisher who, for a while, published a Yiddish paper in Stanislavov and became famous for laying the foundations for the "Poale Zion" movement. Now he is one of the editors of "the working Eretz Yisrael" paper in Argentina.

R' Shmuel Landau, a scholar. His wife, Krinche, was the daughter of the rich Chasid R' Itche Bartler from Kolomyja. In Zablotow he, with some partners leased the Profanation and was the bookkeeper and accountant. He and his wife were active in charities. He prayed at the Kosov synagogue. Following the death of R' Shmuel, at a young age, his wife remarried to R' Shnaryahu Meltzer who owned some properties. One of her grandsons arrived in Israel after going through the Holocaust in Europe and Cyprus.

R' Shimon Lindbaum, a scholar who owned a leather and shoe store, but later moved to Stanislavov to become a merchant. After the First World War his widow, his sons and his daughter returned to Zablotow to continue the leather business.

R' Shimon Altman was well versed in the words of our sages, followed the honest route. Owned a house not far from the tobacco factory where he made his living selling to the workers.

R' Shlomo Mechel Rosenshtock, a Chasid well versed in Jewish legends and Chasidic tales. Owned a house next to his brother-in-law R' Simcha Shochet who supported him. Was sick and died at a young age. Educated his children R' Mordechai Yisrael and R' David in Torah and the fear of God.

R' Shlomo Manches, was well versed in our righteous stories and an assistant to God in matchmaking. (was always in attendance when R' Aaron Keish lectured on Shabbos)

R' Shmaryahu Salpeter son of R' Shlomo the Gabay, was a Zionist scholar who knew how to sing.

R' Shaul Toyber was a scholar and fearful of God. Owned a small house on an alleyway and sold miscellaneous goods with his father, R' Aaron Yonah (brother of Rabbi Zalman Toyber) who was one of ten learned men of the synagogue of Kosov, first to enter and last to leave. Together with most of the Chasidim of Kosov he admired the Rabbis R' Yankele and his son R' Mendele.

R' Shmuel Toy was a respected man in town who daily learned a page of Gemara at the old synagogue where he prayed every day. Owned a white brick house and a general store where he traded with the farmers. Was a Kosher Jew keeping simple Jewish laws as well as more difficult ones. In his old age he emigrated with his wife Beila to Eretz Yisrael where they perished.

R' Shmuel Toy son of Yoseph was a scholar who owned a house on the border between Demycze and Zablotow. Was considered among the richest and most respected men in town whose main business was agricultural product trading with the biggest property owners. On occasion he also acted as a broker in land deals. His son R' Moshe Hersh was a scholar who worked with his father. Later he left town and moved to Sziget to his father-in-law's house and lumber business. Natan was educated in general knowledge, moved to Vienna where he became a commercial trader. Wilhelm (Velvel) was educated in general knowledge, became a fire and life insurance agent. His sons-in-law R' Shmuel, R' Uri, and R' Moshe Greif were honest merchants. The forth son-in-law, R' Avraham Shrapshtein was the honest owner of a sawmill in Bukovina.

R' Shlomo Eizenberg a scholar married Gitel the daughter of R' Tzvi Rubin. His business was a grocery and general goods store serving the farmers. His son R' Abba and the other children were educated in Torah and business. His son-in-law R' Alexander Toy, son of Yakov Yoseph, was a Gabay at the Kosov synagogue. His son R' Tzvi Toy-Freid the first Holocaust survivor who reached our country, now lives in France.

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