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Sunday, September 10, 1939, the day after a German soldier was shot by a Polish storekeeper for robbing his store, a mass of German soldiers prepared for fighting was released across the city – primarily on the Jewish streets. The assault was so tremendous that many people were convinced that the Polish military had again invaded the city and that both armies were meeting head on fully armed. But it wasn't the Polish army that the Germans had come to meet. They had come to “pacify” (calm down) the town that was preparing to put up a resistance against the military, preventing them from re-entering the city.

Very soon, in the first few minutes, were heard terrible screams from those who were being beaten and those who were beating, at the very same time. German soldiers spread out across the city to search the houses. Not one room was left unturned, destroyed beyond recognition. All mirrors were smashed, all the paned doors of the credenzas were broken up, all the linen was shredded and torn – so much so that it was impossible to recognize what once was. Not one door remained unopened; not one lock could withstand the power of the soldiers' fists and boots.

As they stormed into the houses, they did not distinguish between men and women, the young ones or the elderly, the healthy ones or the ailing. All, with an extraordinary atrocity and sadism, were hurled into the streets – some through the door, some through the window. The “lucky” ones tore themselves away, young and healthy people. After receiving the first beatings, they quickly found refuge somewhere outside of the house. The older and weaker people, who could not disappear so quickly, received murderous beatings. Even the children were not spared this sadism. All the streets were filled with these victims who no longer had any remaining resemblance to anything human and emitted eerie cries, because before coming to the market where all the Jews were forced to assemble, they all had to pass through the seven generations of hell …

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The place where the Serock shul stood

Meanwhile, Jews did not forget that they were Jews. After surviving such a difficult trip, they set themselves aside to recite Psalms and Vidui (prayer of confession recited before death) with great passion in order to prepare themselves for the lengthy and final journey that awaited them. It was a sure thing for them, that all the people in the city would be shot out of revenge.

Herding the people into one place was done with such a storm, with such a rage, and with such foam on the soldiers' mouths, that no one doubted the end was near.

The entire marketplace was surrounded by a larger number of armed soldiers who with great fury chased the people from one corner to another.

The Psalms and reciting of Vidui were choked together with the cries of the elderly and the sick, along with the screams and convulsive cries of the women and sobs of the children.

At the very same time, there was a fight between the Polish army that was located two kilometers from the town, on the other …

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… side of the Narew River, and the German army that had just about walled in the missiles and machine guns in the city. Bullets from both sides flew over the city, over the heads of those stampeded together in the marketplace. Every shot and explosion from the grenades that fell nearby aggravated the chaos even more and evoked fresh cries and screams each time.

Afterwards, a German officer came into the marketplace, and was informed about the terrible crime that the city had experienced – the murder of a German soldier, and that according to the law, all the people of the town had to be murdered like dogs, but that they – the Germans – were refined people and so would release all women and children from all punishments, but the men would have to be punished and therefore they will have to be imprisoned.

Now the real wailing began from the women – those who were forcefully torn away from their husbands. In the end, some policemen arrived and ordered the crowd to march, and finally we were herded into the shul that was transformed into a prison camp.

In the shul, the Jews saw the great massacre that had taken place there just a few minutes earlier. All the lecterns were broken, the Holy Ark was smashed up, the Torah scrolls were shredded and parts of them were thrown into a toilet, and the rest were stomped on with boots. They were spat on, and covered in garbage and excrement, and then finally burned. All the prayers that were etched into the walls were scribbled on or rubbed off.

Seeing this horrific desecration, the Jews dropped their heads in despair, and then this question was raised by not only one of them: “Wouldn't it be nicer and better for God if only the hands of the vandals would wither?”

An hour later the same Jews were forced to set fire to the Torah scrolls that were lost in the corners, and one Jew refused to set fire to them and for that he was severely beaten. He took a long time to set the fire, but it wouldn't light, so with his own hands he had to throw the scrolls into the toilet.

In the shul, they started to try to lie down on the broken benches.

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Some of the non-Jews, who lived among the Jews, were chased together with them into the shul. Among them were the pharmacist and the post office manager, both known anti-Semites.

The guard that was assigned to watch this group, approximately 300 persons, was very tough. If you went to the window to try to get some air, you got murderous beatings. It was very difficult to get permission to go to the washroom so you had to resign yourself and hold yourself back with all your strength. The majority of those gathered held themselves back from eating the food they had brought from home in order that they wouldn't have to come to the state of asking for permission to use the bathroom.

The front came closer, and each time there were fresh military units and their officers. Knowing about the Jews who were in the “prison camp,” they came to look at them and then they would thunder against the “Juden” and then beat them.

On the second day, an officer came and sat at the entranceway that led from the shul to the bais medrash (place of study). Everyone had to pass his table as they went from the shul to the bais medrash. The Germans spread tables across the entire width of the bais medrash, which everyone had to jump over in order to get from there into a smaller room that used to be a classroom. The younger ones, who were able to get to the other side very quickly, got away with lesser beatings, in relative terms, whereas the older and weaker ones, experienced the taste of death. For them it was a real gehenem (hell), and their wails and cries went straight to heaven.

Every time after this sort of a test – that cost him dearly – the victim tried to turn over on his other side but lay faint on the ground. His tormentor exclaimed his joy and satisfaction and applauded.

After this control, all the people were crammed into a narrow room where it was very warm and humid. After four hours in this narrow, warm room, the guard allowed the group to go back into the shul.

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That same day, the Germans took out an old man, 75 years old, one of the great Torah scholars and enlightened Jews of the town, Reb Yitzkhok Blakhman, and accused him of preparing arms to confront the Germans when they would march into the city. The accusation came from the fact that when they had robbed his store that had kitchen products, they found a few dozen knives.

The response from this elderly man, whose age and frailty were evidence to the fact that he did not have the power to fight with soldiers, helped very little. He was severely tortured. The people who saw this, cried. It is incomprehensible how this weak man remained alive. After that, when he was relieved of this accusation, they found another opportunity to beat him: They told him to move about very quickly – with lightning speed. The elderly man, who normally would walk very slowly, after receiving these blows, could hardly even move at all. None of his pleas helped. The old man simply remained lying on the ground. The Germans pounded all over his body with their boots.

Under their terrible behavior and under a very rigid regime, the assembled group in the shul lived like this from Sunday to Thursday. On Thursday, another officer came, repeated Monday's speech, and in the end all the people between 18 and 45 years of age were divided into two groups, from which one was sent on foot to Pultusk. Children under 18 and those over 45 were let go.

(From the archives of the Jewish History Institute in Warsaw)

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Soon after the Germans captured Serock, they took over all the bridges. The community of Jablonna Legionowo, 15 kilometers south of Serock, was comprised mainly of Serocker Jews who settled there primarily to be able to find financial opportunity in the last few years prior to the outbreak of World War II. Shortly after Serock, Legionowo also fell, and the Germans immediately demanded a large fee. Since it was not possible to raise such a large sum within the allotted time, the murderers arrested 21 Jews, among whom were Reb Moishe Wisniewicz and his son Jidel Jakov Leviner, and so on, may G-d avenge their blood, who even after the monies were paid, were murdered nonetheless.

A short while after the invasion, the Germans established a ghetto on Legionowo in the section of the city that was called Ludwiszyn in which they also amassed the Jews from the surrounding towns and villages, such as: Piekele, Dombrowa, Henrykow, and so on.

There were many Serocker Jews in the Legionowo ghetto, who had run away from Biala Podlask, Lejkowo and Lomza, where they were sent from Serock in December 1939.

Life in the ghetto was tough and bitter. We had to give away all the valuables, fur coats and gold to the murderers.

October 15, 1942 (Simkhas Torah [the last day of the Succot holiday and normally a day of great celebration with the Torah]), the Jablonna – Legionowo ghetto was liquidated in a horrific manner. (This town was called – and this is factual – the extended Serock.)

Some of the Jews were murdered on the spot, some of them tried to escape and hide in the surrounding forests, and the rest were transported out in simple railroad cars and taken to Radzymin – a distance of 40 kilometers – where together with the local and rest of the Jews, were all taken to Treblinka.

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The Journey of Pain

On the 28^th of April, 1943, at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, they led us through the burning streets of Warsaw until we arrived at that bloody place (called the Umschlagplatz, [German: reloading point – This was the place where the Jews were gathered and prepared for being shipped out.]) That is where I already began to see our tragedy. I began to look around, seeing how our sisters and brothers lay murdered by the hands of the Nazi murderers, who were even seen to dance in the Jewish blood. When they took us to the trains, I noticed that on the other side there were two rows of SS (Schutzstaffel, Nazi security officers) standing. Between the rows of these murderers, individuals passed, one at a time, both men and women. Some of the women carried children in their arms, tormented and exhausted from hunger. They had already been sitting in the buildings of the Umschlagplatz for a few days, and in that way, by the time the people walked between the rows until the trains, they were already downtrodden. For those who didn't go the way the murderers wanted, there stood a special band of murderers ready and waiting for Jewish blood, always with their pistols and machine guns ready and extended towards the unfortunates, who were already unsteady on their feet, and they immediately opened fire on the innocent victims. With a cry of “Shema Yisroel” (the final prayer recited before death, indicating the acceptance of G-d's Will), they fell to their death.

Right after that there was a command given to the workers of the Khesed Shel Emes (Jewish organization that prepares the dead for burial), to clean up the area. At the same time that the workers were cleaning the bodies away to the side, the murderers were going back to look for new victims. Two Jewish workers carried one Jewish victim. Noticing that the victim was heavy, one SS officer asked the worker: “Is this too heavy for you? Then I can make it easier for you.” He takes both of these workers away from this place and directs them towards the mountain of our victims, and commands the two workers to lie down. One of the murderers takes out his bayonet and plunges it right into one worker's heart. The second worker, seeing the death of his friend, started to run. A volley of bullets was released, and he fell dead.

And still, back to the rows, the work goes on. People go and they fall. Blood is flowing as we get to the railroad cars. Now, in the cars, begins the real tragedy. One person begins to scream: “Where is my husband?” And one woman…

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…screams: “They've murdered my children! Let me out! Let them shoot me! I want to die the way my children have died!” One hears screams: “Where are my sister and brother? They've already been murdered.” All you hear is lamenting cries. And the car is crowded. We can't breathe already. People are pleading: “Water! We're dying!” People scream so long for water, that eventually they die of hunger and thirst. People are piled on the sides, one on top of the other. By the time we left, 17 women and 8 men had already died. The people stopped screaming. It became silent in the car. A deathly silence ruled over our heads. Then we hear about new victims. I squeeze myself close to the other side by the window and see that they are leading large groups of people. It seemed that they were removed from the bunkers. When these people neared the cars, we saw that their faces were black and they were in a faint.

There was no more talking. Everyone was pleading: “Master of the Universe, just end it all for us. Don't let us be tortured for a long time in the cars.” Soon we heard them open the doors to the car, and the beatings and shootings began. People are pushing very hard in order to get into the cars more quickly. From the wagons is again heard the lamenting cries: “Where are the children? I have lost the children!” And the murderers are strolling back and forth outside the cars. They are laughing and they call to us: “Do you want some water? Get out [of the railroad car] and give us your gold.” When they receive no answer, they begin shooting at us and kill five people. The murderers open the doors of the car and point their extended machine guns at us. When we saw the wild looks directed at us, we became silent for a time. This enraged them so much that they took a 23-year-old woman off the train. The murderers led her away, and approximately ten minutes later a shot was heard. Everybody froze. We heard the footsteps of the murderers approaching. They are here! Our hearts beat in terror. Soon the doors to the cars open and the murderers yell: “Two men get out!” Opposite the door were sitting two men. They stood up, became very pale, and cried out to us: “All of you stay alive! We've had enough.” And they went…

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…out of the car. As they were jumping down from the train, they called back: “Live and take revenge!”

Soon others came and shut the doors to the railway cars. Near the small wired window, I stand and watch how the murderers lead our Jews along the same route in which the young woman fell to victim. It is quiet in the car for a while. I strain to look through the small window and see how those who were taken away are carrying the shot woman back to the cars. They open the door to another car and put the young woman in. Soon, a lamenting cry is heard from her mother who recognized her. On the side sits an elderly Jew who cries: “Beloved people, how good it is for the daughter of this mother. She [the daughter] had a merit from heaven because she did not have to continue in this way of hunger and thirst then be burned in the coal ovens.” Soon everyone in the cars began to cry, and for a long time nothing was heard but the moaning.

Around six in the afternoon, we heard the locomotive's whistle. Everyone sits down, heads bent towards one another, and they say: “These are our last hours. We are going to be sacrificed [murdered]. Who will avenge our blood? Who will know what will happen to our bodies?” And we hear the second whistle. Our fear begins to take hold, and our hearts pound. The train leaves that bloody place. After a few minutes, it stops at the train station in Gdansk. There, two wild thugs take us over, running from one car to the next. They steal, beat, and murder. The Jews are screaming to our Polish neighbors: “Bring us some water! We are dying of thirst!” And they ask for 500 zlotys to bring the water. A woman who is fainting, pleads with them: “I'll give you my coat. Just give me a bottle of water.” One of them replies: “Give me your coat and a bottle and I will give you some water.” The woman pulls her coat off and gives it away. No one comes back. And there is no water. The people stand and watch as the wild Ukrainians snatch off our clothes and sell them. The crowding is huge. They are pushing and rushing to get our clothing as quickly as possible…

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…How great was our shame. On the side, one Jew sat and moaned. “Jews, we have nothing to lose. We have to end our lives so that the wild beasts can no longer torture us.” A woman, a doctor, replies: “We have to live and suffer until we get to that place.” She doesn't realize that we are going to Treblinka, she thinks we are going to Lublin, Trawniki, or Poniatowa, there where all the Jews are working and where we will work too. We Jews know too well that we are born only to give away all our belongings to strangers.

We were 120 people in the car. Every bit of time we looked out the window. Where are we? Are we going to Treblinka or to Lublin? Soon, another discussion begins in the car. One says that this is the route to Treblinka. Everyone becomes depressed. Everyone is sitting and moaning. Where will our bodies go? Who will know of us? One woman asks to be allowed near the window. “We are going to Lublin,” she says. Everyone breathes more easily. Another scream is heard: “Water!” We were faint, but there was no water. There were screams: “Save us, people! You have a responsibility to save a person from death!” We ride into the night, and we have little air. We hear as two young men are sitting on the side, talking about nothing and working diligently. It's already nighttime; we think it is about eleven o'clock. It becomes quiet again. These two young men are still sitting and working their pocket knife, trying to cut through the floor. We hear a train whistle, implying that we are nearing a train station. The shooting does not stop. People are jumping from the cars and the murderers are shooting. Soon we hear a signal and the train stops at the station in Demlin.

It's already eight o'clock in the morning. Through the small wired window, there is some light. And the people are asking again and again, for water and water, because we are dying of thirst. The train does not stay for long, and we are off again. The doors always remain closed. Even if someone would have wanted something, he would not be able to get it. In the car were dead bodies, and on the sides were people in misery, waiting for the same end. The young men are still sitting with their pocket knife and are working very hard ….

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…until they successfully cut through the thick boards of the car. Just before Lublin, one of the young men stands up and shouts: “We have cut through the floor! Everyone can save himself! The time is short. I am from Warsaw, and my name is Hershel Eisen. I lived on Niezke Street, number 12. If we don't give in, you will always remember this.” Until we reached Lublin, approximately 20 people got out. Then we already heard a train signal, and the train stops. We arrived in Lublin. It is May 1, 1943. They open the doors to the cars, and the SS men go through all the cars and ask: “How many dead are there?” We say how many, and they go away laughing with extended guns. Then we notice how a train worker is taking a woman to the SS men. One SS man takes her near a car and asks her who she is. She immediately says: “I am a Jewish woman.” He pulls out his pistol and commands her to lie down. The woman doesn't obey quickly enough, and gets hit on the head from the murderer's gun. She immediately falls to the ground. One man in the group says to shoot her. The murderer shoots her and they walk off, looking at all the wagons. At lunchtime, we noticed that some higher ranking officers had arrived, and one of the SS men gave him a report. They went through each of the cars.

During my time in the Warsaw Ghetto, I met the following landsleit (people from the same town): Dovid Warsawski, Shia Zilbershteyn, Judah (Jidel) Kuligowski, Shloime Ostrowski, Rozenberg, Josef Fishman, my brother-in-law Skurnik with his wife and two children, and my brother Fishel Sterdiner.

As we were waiting at the station in Lublin, the German murderers would not stop the killings. An order was given that half the trainload should go to Majdanek, and the other half to Treblinka. I remained in the train headed for Treblinka. Riding back, we already understood where we were going. Late at night we arrived at the station in Malkin. There Pollaks were walking around, and we asked for water. Their answer was: “It's already not worth your while…

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… to drink. The end of your life is already not too far. Throw down what you have and maybe your guards will let you have some water.” Women took off their rings and threw them down. The murderous guards picked up everything that had been thrown down and began shooting directly into the train. The SS men heard the shooting and came out of their cars, and ordered that the doors of all the cars be opened, and that they begin smashing the people on their heads with the guns. In my car, there was a bloodbath. And that's how they took us right away from Maklin to Treblinka, a stretch of seven kilometers.

We arrived at the iron gates of Treblinka that were opened with much whistling and signaling. We hear the whistle and the train stops. In a few minutes, they opened the cars with a murderous yell: “Get down!” Feeling the tragedy of our brothers and sisters, everyone jumped down screaming Shema Yisroel. I held on to my son who was fifteen years old. He said to me: “This is the end of our lives.” They are shouting “right,” “left,” and my son and I went to the right. It was nighttime. By that time we were already separated from our dear ones. They began to take us between mounds and pits. Everyone understood that these pits were prepared for us. We were already so downtrodden from exhaustion and starvation, and from closer up we already smelled the odor of burning humans. No conversation was allowed, yet everyone was mumbling Vidui (the final confession before death) and Shema Yisroel. And that's how it went until we came out of the deepest valley.

Not far from us, we see a high barbed-wire fence. Soon we are near a tall wall where SS men were standing. They shouted: “Get in, you lousy Jews!” They led us to huge barracks. Immediately the order was given that we stand in threes so that they could count the crowd.

That was on a May night, it was really cold and there was a lot of fear. You could hear everyone's teeth chattering, but we were not permitted to talk. The murderous Ukrainians were speaking Russian and gestured across their throats [implying death]. “Tomorrow you are coming into the forest. You've lived enough.” That is how the night went by, in pain and agony, until daylight arrived. Each person looked at the other and thought about the hardship of the end of our lives. Where did they bring us for more torture? My son looked at me and I at him, the pity….

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…was great, but no one could help. We can't even cry or scream. We can only choke back the tears. It is getting lighter outside, and we hear screaming: “Get up! Everyone out to the roll call!” From the barracks, Jewish victims are running out, everyone naked, with torn shreds of clothing. Whoever is not running, gets beaten. One falls over the other, they push a wagon full of dead bodies. Right after the roll call, they take some of our group to march to Maklin in order to work at the train station there. My son and I remained with the second group to work where we were. That's how the work day went, in deathly perspiration. The Ukrainian murderers shot some people in our group. We had to bring those who were shot into the camp's yard. There was a group of people there who were digging ditches, and that's how they buried the bodies.

On the second day, a new work day, the same beatings and shootings began again. So much so, that we all envied those who were shot. We were working alongside those who had already been in Treblinka for a longer time, and they told us what went on here. Barrack #1 was called the “death barrack,” and barrack #2, for now, was called the “living barrack.” The skilled workmen labored in shops – shoemaker, tailor, carpenter, weaver, locksmith, and so on. One expert worker was a young man from the town of Sterdin, near Treblinka. When he heard them call me by my name Sterdiner, he came right over to me and asked me why they call me Sterdiner. He thought I was from his town and said to me, that if I am a skilled worker, he would take me out of death barrack #1 and get me into barrack #2.

I told him that I was a good carpenter, so he went to the SS man and told him that there was a good workman here. The SS man came over to me immediately and asked me all kinds of questions about what I was able to do, and I responded to it all.

On the third day, right away in the morning during roll call, the SS man came over to me and asked me if I could sort the barrack walls. I said 'yes,' and the SS man told the young man to give me work and to take all of us out to the place where the walls were laying. As soon as we began working, the Ukrainians began to take aim and shoot some of the workers.

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At noontime, the SS man came out to the work place to see how the work was going. Seems that the work pleased him. As we came home from work dead starved, and we got some bread with some warm water, the same young man came over to me, Yitzkhak Majdenberg, may he rest in peace, and told me that the murderers were satisfied [with the work]. I asked the young man to tell the SS man that we couldn't work because they were shooting at us. He went to the SS man and told him what I had said. The SS man came to the work place and ordered them not to shoot at us. Yet, we were beaten and punished, until living became too awful. We had no strength left; the end of our lives had come. Deathly hungry, we practically crawled to the “death barrack,” lay down on the hard boards, one of us on top of the other, and we heard the wild, drunken cries of the SS men and the Ukrainians. They come right over to us and yell: “Jews! Get out!” And the murderers stand by the door with their clubs and pistols. They are shooting and beating. Jewish blood is spilling and there is no one to help. We fall one over the other. One is shot, the other is wounded, until the murderers became tired of this game and left. The night passed, and once again, in the morning, we are standing at the roll call. The murderers are looking for anyone who has a scar from the beatings. Anyone with these scars is told not to go to work. This was already a sign of death.

That's how the days passed. Groups of people came, and after losing their strength, through the Selektzia process [“selection” process of separating the healthier from the weaker, ultimately those who would live and those who would not] they would be sent to the crematoria. I and my son Avrohom, may he rest in peace, were working as glaziers for the barracks that we were building. Another “selection” – to the left, to the light. When it came to my turn, the SS man asked me what was my vocation, so I answered that I was a cabinet maker. I got the order to go to the right. Next was my son. When the SS man asked him what was his vocation, he said he was a barber. My son and I got together again. Those who went to the left were immediately taken to be burned, and we, those who went to the right, were taken to various places of work. They took me into a large workshop of carpentry where there were Jewish craftsmen and several other Jewish acquaintances from Warsaw. After…

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…the SS men left the workshop, the Jews told me that they had been in Treblinka for over a year. One person wanted to know what was new outside of Treblinka. I had to tell him the truth – that they were liquidating the Jews from all the cities. Even Warsaw was already emptied from Jews. Everyone sighs; the agony is tremendous, and there is no help.

I received an order from an SS man to build a file cabinet. With some help, the job got done. The next morning, when the murderers came into the workshop and began inspecting the cabinet – and fortunately they liked it – they immediately told the writer (Dr. Reisner) to send me and my son to the baths for disinfection, and to move us over to barrack #2. There, in barrack #2, the Jewish kapo [a prisoner in charge of other groups of prisoners] took care of us. He immediately helped me get a bed and set me up with a group that was receiving better food. Several times, the murderers asked that they put in some wheat pieces for us. For us, those days were like holidays. And this barrack was a little cleaner. Neither the Germans nor the Ukrainians came in too frequently. Again, we went to work without breakfast, and no bread. Everyone did his best to find whatever was possible – some grass or a plant. We separated one from the other. We Jews from barrack #2 were forbidden from meeting with others in order to prevent any bonding.

After two months and becoming acquainted with everyone, the prisoners shared a secret with me. One of the Jewish workers came over to me (his name was Pinkhas Weisman, may he rest in peace; he later died in Israel) and said to me: “Be informed that, all of us as one, have decided to make a revolt because our life is no life, watching day after day the torture of our brothers and sisters. We have to enact this as quickly as possible.” He immediately explained to me how this revolt was to take place. Every morning, the murderers would go around and inspect the workshops. The organizers had already scheduled the days and what time these inspections would take place. Each one of us had received an order that when the murderers would show up in our workshop as in the other workshops, they would have to be murdered. Everywhere, there were sharp axes prepared.

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The day arrived and we were waiting for the set time. Suddenly, we see that we are being surrounded by SS men and Ukrainians, and the order was given: “Jews! Get out!” Then we understood. The end of our lives had come. Right away, we were told to stand in rows and put up our hands. They started to search us for weapons. The murderers knew everything, even what time the revolt was to be. They knew who had the weapons because a tattle [spy] had told them everything about us. Meanwhile we were standing, hands in the air, until the order came to drop our hands. With clubs, the murderers beat our bodies. Then began the investigation – who had brought the arms.

There was a young man with us; he was from Germany. They took him out of the rows so that he would tell them who had told him to bring the weapons. When the young man wouldn't answer, they brought over a large barrel and filled it with water. They took him by his feet, and with head bowed, they put him into the water [and held him there], then took him out. They repeated this. He was almost punished to death, and yet they still asked the information of him, until the young man screamed: “The day of revenge will come!” Seems that they understood what he had said, and then they proceeded to cut off his ear. After this bloody ceremony, they took another 17 Jews out of the rows, amongst them the kapo. They called him Ignacz, a Jew from Warsaw. All he thought about was how to free himself and others, and how to take revenge on those murderers. Each one of us wished our own death. The order came to get back to work. Downtrodden and broken, we went back to the workshops.

Soon, the unterscharfuhrer (junior squad leader) Lantz, came to us and yelled: “Who else wants to be shot?” Some of the Jews stepped forward and said “Shoot!” and proceeded to tear their clothes. The SS man left right away. In the evening…

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…they took two Jews out of the barracks. We didn't see them any more, but we noticed traces of their blood when we went to work.

This is how '43 and '44 went by, until the day came when Treblinka was to be liquidated along with the rest of the few remaining Jews. It was Sunday, July 23, 1944. There were still over 500 Jews in the camp. We saw how they turned over all the booths of the watch towers, we saw the end of life was near. Six o'clock that evening, all the SS men and Ukrainians came into the camp and began to scream: “Jews, come out and lie down!” When we, the few Jews of the carpenter workshop began to hide, the murderers came in and began to chase us out with sticks until we would lie down on top of the others. I fell down on top of a Czech who was a fifth generation convert. He had been a terrible tattle all along and he'd had better accommodations. Seeing that now he too was to be killed by these murderers, I felt better. After 20 minutes of lying there, the order was given for us to get up. They took us between the walls of the entrance gates, and in groups of 20, led us into the forest, not far from the camp, to a large ditch. Soon we heard a lot of shooting, then silence. The murderers had come for a fresh group of 20 victims to take to the ditch. But right near the gate, beside the Jews, there was a great bang, and there was great confusion amongst the murderers. There was only one pistol and one bullet. Nonetheless, in the riot, some of the Jews managed to run away.

The rest of us remaining Jews, they took into a bunker where we spent the night. In the morning, again we were taken into the camp and divided into groups of 20. Every group received the order to complete the work for the Wehrmacht [armed forces]. I was in carpentry with two other men, but because those killers had murdered my 16-year-old son, I was unable to do anything with my hands, and for that I was strongly beaten. The SS men strongly pushed me to complete the work. My friends calmed me down and we began to think of ways to free ourselves.

In approximately the next seven days, of the 20 men in our group…

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…nine remained. They killed people every day. October 1, 1944, 5 a.m., the SS men ordered us to be ready. A few days after we left Treblinka, we came to a place near Krakow and again we were separated for work under the watch of the Ukrainians. Again, we were murderously punished.

Then we were again taken to another place, near Kazimierza Wielka, and we had to do dirty work. But in this time, the Russian army had been consistently moving forward. The SS again prepared to move us out to Wolbrom to the Gestapo, and there to tie us with wires and murder us. We arrived in Miechow at 11 o'clock at night. While the SS men were sleeping, the remaining nine of us began to run back.

We heard shooting, and as I was running, I fell into a ditch of snow. The cold refreshed me, and I began to run the same way back, following my footsteps in the snow. About one kilometer later, I arrived in a village.

Searching for the other eight hidden Jews, a German soldier stops me and asks me where I am going. I answered him in Polish, and since he did not understand what I said, he let me go. Going a little farther, I arrived in the town of Sandomierz. It was already daylight, and there I saw a lot of German military and also a lot of other murderers.

I went to a farmer and asked for something to eat, but he tells me to run away as quickly as possible because the Ukrainians were catching many people to take them to work in Germany. I try to explain to him that I see few Germans, but he explains to me that not far from here are the front lines and the German military is lying in the trenches.

After, I asked the farmer to have mercy on me because I was dying of hunger and exhaustion; he takes me to the gate and shows me at a distance a farmyard where he says I can find shelter. I start to go on that way, and hear shooting all around me. As I come to the yard, a Polish woman sees me and asks me where I am coming from. Once I told her that I was running away from the Germans, she quickly took me into a cellar where there were already many women and children. The …

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… woman brought me bread and milk, and assured me that she would help. Around 9 o'clock in the morning, the shooting subsided. Soon they came to tell us the news that the Russians had arrived, had taken over the “palace,” and were killing the Germans that they caught.

Soon all the women and children that were hiding came out of the cellar, but I still remained there. The Christian woman takes me into the house and assures me again that everything will be alright. Already, there was Russian military everywhere, and they were talking to all the farmers in the villages.

In the house, again I was given food. Her husband asks me all kinds of questions and gives me advice that after such a hunger I should be careful with my eating until the doctor has had a chance to examine me. Meanwhile, again there was another change on the front, and the Germans came back.

I started to look for a road to a settlement, and decided to go to Pinczow, around 35 kilometers away. I went back to Sandomierz, and from there to Pinczow that had already been liberated. There I saw the first Jews. After sleeping on the floor that first night, I went to Radom, where there already was a Jewish committee, and I received help.

After a few days, on January 29, 1945, I left for Prague by train. On the Prague Jewish committee, where there were already Jews from the ghettos, camps, and Russia, everyone registered their name and current address in order to make it easier to find dear ones.

After great searching for family and friends, and after finding some people from my town, I went to Germany through Austria, then to Israel.

The author of this testimony, Shlomo Sterdiner, on the 26^th of November, 1966, came forward as a witness in Vienna (Austria) in a process against one of his torturers, the foreman Leopold Lantz, who one month later was sentenced to ten years in jail.

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Two days before capturing Serock, the Germans began their bombing and scores of families were killed, and along with them was Yakov Rosenberg in whose cellar they were hiding. With great effort they removed the victims from there and buried them in a brider kever^[1] in the cemetery.

On Sunday morning, we already felt the enemy's hand. It was a pogrom. They also killed four Polaks and took Jews to bury them the very same day. Then they took all the Jews, old and young, also the non-Jews, and assembled them in the large shul that had been cleaned out. On Wednesday they said that all those over 45 and under 17 can leave the shul, and the rest stayed in the shul until Thursday, 10AM. They were taken in pairs into the bais medrash. There, a line of SS men herded them into the women's bais medrash and there beat all the Jews. People passed out. At night they had to break open the windows for some air – and it was like that until Friday, the next day.

Friday morning, the second day of Rosh Hashana, year 5700, September 15, 1939, they allowed us to go into the small bais medrash, and by 10AM we had to be ready to march. Where to, we had no idea. It was said, to work.

At 10 o'clock, everyone was taken out, set up four in a row under the supervision of a pair of Polish shkotzim who understood a little German: Zygmunt Wzjesyn and Sobolowski, and a son-in-law of Itche Majer Wajngart from Sosnowiec (he also knew German well) and Shloime Borenstajn. They had to take us to Pultusk to the German Commander, with the order that for every one that escaped, ten others would be shot. Among us were also many young Polaks, so we believed that for sure they were sending us to work. The second day of Rosh Hashana, Friday evening, we arrived …

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… in Pultusk. We were soon separated from the Polaks and were herded onto the first floor of the building without windows or doors. (The Polaks were set up below us.) With great beatings and smashing, we were chased up. There were no steps, but there were two ladders that we had for climbing. I received a terrible blow from a German. We were kept on the roof the entire night.

On Shabbos, first thing in the morning, they sent up civilian Polish hooligans, and among them were from Serock: Suski and Kopjec, superintendents from Rosenberg and Malawanczyk. These two pointed out the two Jewish wealthy men – Hurwic and Dovid Rosenberg, who were stripped naked and murderously beaten. And after them – all of us. The Polaks, who were chased out with us, helped with the assault.

On Shabbos at 10AM, there came an order from the German powers that we were to be sent on foot to Czekhanow to the train. We put up some resistance against the German might, and wouldn't come down from the roof. We were sitting naked and were searching for our clothes. After half an hour, an officer approached and ordered that we be given our clothes. The Polaks brought back a lot of the clothing and put them in the yard in a box, and everyone had to go and identify his own clothes. Since that was impossible, we put on what we had – much of it without underwear.

After that we were sent out towards Czekhanow, escorted by Germans on bicycles and carrying guns. They soon began with their beatings. The first one that was shot was Avrom Ostrowski, and he fell right near my feet, and that was because he had no energy to walk. That was before Golomyn. After that there were more victims: Yosef Borenshtajn and Avrom Spilke. A few kilometers later, Hersh Leyb Shnajder died, (son-in-law of Pesakh Shnajder); after him the son-in-law of Gutman Bobek – Leizer (from Pultusk; died from blows of a rifle butt). He begged to be shot, and the German answered that it would be a waste of a bullet. The heat was great. Jews from other cities who came with our transport died as well – Hershel Stajnski's son. Eliyahu Pnjewski and others who had no energy to keep walking, we carried on our backs …

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.. until Czekhanow even though this was a great danger. In the afternoon there was a downpour of rain and hail – this completely sapped our energies.

We arrived in Czekhanow on Shabbos night. Some non-Jews came out with water, but the Germans began shooting them. The last victim of this journey was Pinje Sokol the watchmaker (Blinc, the barber's son-in-law). That's how the tragic journey from Pultusk to Czekhanow looked.

In Czekhanow, they took us to the military barracks and put the group in rows on the road until eleven at night. Whoever sat down got a bullet. During this time, the Germans prepared a demonic plan: Between the road and the entrance to the barracks, they ordered that a big ditch be dug out and filled with dirty water. They positioned a narrow wooden “bridge” across this ditch. At night in the dark, when everyone was exhausted, these thugs ordered us to run quickly across this narrow bridge into the horses' stalls. They chased us, one on top of the other, with blows and beatings, and whoever fell in there could not get out any more. That's how scores of people died.

In the stalls, the Germans searched to make sure there were no Jews among the Polaks, since they risked being shot. The first ones to come out of this type of group were two Pultusk Jews, and they were almost killed. I grabbed my cousin and the Stajnskis in order to run to the other side, and it worked. But later I climbed on a log and fell unconscious. All the Serockers were searching for one another and they found me in an unconscious state and saved me.

They kept us here until Sunday morning without food. Sunday morning they told us to go out and collect carrots, told us to get dressed – many of us were simply naked. Each of us received one quarter of a moldy, black bread from the Polish military, that…

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… they had thrown away. Those that had not left some of the carrots for later suffered terribly from hunger and thirst. They hurried us again to the train in Czekhanow until we arrived there at eleven in the morning and we waited there until five in the afternoon. Then they hurriedly crammed in about 80 men into a horse's wagon, and that's how they rode us around in the train for a full day.

The next day, Monday during the day, they let us out at a station and within five minutes, we all had to have a drink and return to the wagons. We attacked the water with greed – many contracted dysentery from this. We returned to the wagons already with more beatings because there were no steps and it was difficult to climb into the wagons. Yehuda Leyb Stajnski received terrible beatings as he was climbing into the wagon, and a German helped him by stabbing his backside (to hoist him up) with a bayonet and wounding him terribly. That's how we were brought to Riesenberg (East Prussia) on Monday evening.

As we arrived in Riesenberg, they immediately separated the Jews from the non-Jews (they were sent to a different camp), the Jews were sent to a stall for horses, and all were ordered to grab a little bit of hay. They gave two bundles of shredded hay for 400 people. This was to be used for sleeping purposes. That's how we got “organized” and everyone went about arranging his own business. There were about 100 Jewish Serockers. The next day, Tuesday at noon, they opened faucets of water, and there was a great crush of people (trying to get some water), and everyone was beaten with sticks. On Tuesday around four o'clock, a German came in and ordered that we pick out the oldest in the group so that we could get food.

The leader of the group of the Serockers – Fishel Sterdiner, I, and Dovid from Orczikhowa (from the other side of the Narew), went to get food for all the Serockers. We got a few biscuits, a small piece of liverwurst, a quarter of a bread, and a small piece of margarine for each person. That was hardly enough for one meal. On Wednesday morning, they gave us a little coffee. Our job was to pick the leaves off the …

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… trees and dig field toilets. Several times we were beaten because we fought over a bit of straw before going to sleep.

On Yom Kippur, we organized a quorum (minyan). On those days when we didn't work, we were closed up in a stall, and we had half an hour to take care of our natural needs. That's how we lived until Chol Hamoed Sukos, year 5700. We received lunch from a boiler (large pot). We ate in another camp. There were four camps: 1) a military one for Polish prisoners; 2) a military one for Jewish prisoners; 3) one for Polish civilians; 4) and one for Jewish civilians. Once, we were feeling sick, one person vomited, and there was a tumult. The Germans came in and quietened everything in their own fashion. Yakov Kaluski and Pinkhas Kaluski were also there.

The religious Jews ate hardly anything from the boiler. We gave them our bread and we took their soup. For the end of Yom Kippur we prepared bread and coffee for them. The last day of Chol Hamoed Sukos, the SS man came in asked who wanted to go to the Bolsheviks. The first second, this made a fearful impression, because everyone was afraid to answer. Maybe this was a provocation, but soon hands began to go up, so that soon almost everyone in our camp raised their hands to leave. That same day, he prepared a list of names on the condition that we had to clean out the carpenter's factory from dirt. With our last bit of strength, we cleaned everything out, so that there could be no excuse (for not being allowed to go).

The next day early morning, when it was still dark outside, everyone was taken out into the yard, set out in rows, and all the names that had been written down were called out. Each person received half a bread, and we were taken to the train near the camp.

They assured us that after today we would be with the Bolsehviks. They loaded us onto wagons that were in more humane conditions, and each person received an identity book saying that the person was in this camp and whatever he owned he had a right to keep. On the second day, in the morning, the train stopped in a place. At a distance we saw Polaks with lacquered caps – we started to shout to them, that they…

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… should open the wagons. As luck would have it, there were some Polaks with us who also shouted to those other Polaks outside. “Brothers, open!” There was one non-Jew that went over and opened a Polish wagon, and with our plea, also released us. We were in Grabowa near Ostrawenka. Some left to Ostrawenka, and among those were Alter Wisnjewicz, my brother, and several other Serockers. They went over to the Russian side.

I and another group of Serockers went home through Ruzhyn. On the way, we were met by Germans on horseback. They detained us and took our apparent identity cards, and said that this was “scheisse” (shit).

We were told to lie down in the field and not to move. This lasted until evening, until they assembled all the people, including the Polaks that were in the camp, and then we continued on the road of Pultusk -Serock.

That evening they set us up in military rows and said that they are taking us through Ruzhyn with the excuse that before us there were Greeks that had attacked the stores, and that after they will have taken us through the city, we would be able to go wherever we pleased. This was all a lie because as we approached the road that goes to Krasnaselsk, the attitude of the Germans that were directing us was a better one than that of the Germans who had captured us. We asked them why we weren't going via Ruzhyn, and we were answered that we had not come out of camp with a fixed direction. On the way, they even allowed us to rest (it was eleven o'clock at night) and to go to the peasants in the village and drink some water. After that, we went until Krasnaselsk until five in the morning. There we were led into a church and were given bread to eat. In town they said there were no Jews left.

We had a few incidents with the non-Jews in the church. This lasted until five o'clock at night. Big trucks with armed SS men arrived, and again they asked us if we wanted to go to the Bolsheviks. We said yes, we already had…

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… resigned ourselves to everything, and saw that this was the devil's game. The process took an hour until they had separated the Jews and removed them from the church, and again they were set in rows. Each person received half a bread with two spoons of marmalade. They loaded us onto the trucks that closed automatically, and drove us back to Ostrawenka. There we were placed in the middle of the marketplace, and we saw Jews at a distance who mourned for us. No one was allowed near us. That's how we stood in the marketplace for an hour, then were driven with the trucks for another 20 minutes, stopped again in the middle of the road, and with a yell, we were ordered to get out. As soon as we got out, the trucks disappeared. We were left alone in the field and again didn't know what to do. Some began to go to Ostrawenka, and a new round of shooting from machine guns began, and we started to run on the road to Lomzhe. At night we spread out among the non-Jews. They told us that there was no one there – no Germans, no Russians.

In the morning, we began to go in the area of Lomzhe, and we saw Jews going around in wagons. They said to us: “Go children, Moshiach is waiting for you.” After a few kilometers, we met a farmer who was leading cattle.

It became easier for us – everyone already had swollen feet, and continued running in the area of Lomzhe.

Arriving in the evening two kilometers before Lomzhe, several Cossaks on horseback with guns aimed at us, came towards us. They detained us and asked who we are. None of us knew any Russian, only Polish. They took us into their group, and brought us to Lomzhe. Behind the city was the military headquarters. Those that had brought us here told them that they had brought people who don't understand what is being said to them. They sent us an officer, a Jew. He asked us if we were Jews. When he heard that we were, his eyes began to tear up. He consoled us saying he would take care of us and that he knew what was going on “there” with us. They gave us food right away from the military pots. After that, they …

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… took us into town and handed us over to the Jewish community. We arrived in Lomzhe on Hoshana Raba, year 5700.

Lomzhe was destroyed. We spent the night in a small shul, and the next morning we went to the commissioner of the city to look for work. He told us that he didn't have anything yet, but meanwhile, he told us to go to Bialistok. We said that we have no money, so he gave us coupons for haircuts and three extra rubles for pocket money so that we would be able to buy food. That same day, we left for Bialistok.

In our group were: Fishel Strediner, Yehuda Leyb Shtajnski, Eli Pnjewski and his brother, the son of Dudek, Hershel Bernshtajn, the son of Shlomo Leser, and Yitzkhok Koifman. We spent the night in two villages – Gotch and Zawadi. There were a few Jewish families living there.

That's how we went out of the German hell and arrived in Bialystok.

Translator's Footnote

1. A Brider Kever, or Brother Grave was a temporary (public) grave for those who while alive did not belong to an organization that had a cemetery. After a few years, the remaining bones were burned. Not having a Jewish cemetery posed a serious problem (since burning the bones is against Jewish law) and caused great pain for the surviving family members. Return

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When the war broke out I lived in my birthplace Serock.

I was too small, actually a girl, to understand the concept of war but in its early days I felt, in a tangible way, that it carries within it death and sufferings.

On 1 September 1939, when I was getting ready to go to school, the radio announced the approach of German bombers and as a result we fled from our home to the other side of the Narew River, to the meadows of the German residents because it was quiet there.

We packed bedding and other necessities and lived for several days in a large barge, which was used for the transfer of cattle, near the shore of the Bug River.

A few days later we went back home and then we learned that the city was bombed and my older brother was killed in a cellar together with 42 people. It's impossible to describe my grief, especially the grief of my mother who lay on the grass next to the house and cried for days without a break. It was a tragedy for my mother because my big brother was to be married.

I got up at 3 o'clock in the morning to stand in line for an additional loaf of bread.

Many Poles Germanized, meaning, turned into “Volksdeutsche.” They did it for a drink and boasted about their German origin. Several days later, the Germans collected all the Jewish men in the Great Synagogue. They released the elderly and the young were expelled to Germany. Among these young men was also my brother who managed to escape and spent the war years in the Soviet Union.

The hunger has grown, sadness and fear prevailed. My father and mother left in our boat for our aunt, who lived in a nearby village across the Bug River, to bring a little food for the winter. On the same day, meaning, 5 December 1939, the Germans woke us up with brutality and expelled us from the city. It was early morning and we didn't have sufficient time to take our clothes. My big sister was forced to leave the house in her sandals. We wanted to escape to the other side of the Bug River to evade the disaster, but a Pole informed on us and shouted: “Jews.” At that time we were in the middle of the Narew River. The Germans shot at us and miraculously the bullets only hit the water. The man who transferred us to the other side had to return to the shore, and the Germans started to kick and beat us. We arrived to the market running and when we got there a frightful sight was revealed before my eyes. All the city's Jews, about three thousand people, were there. They loaded the sick on

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carts and then began the journey on foot to Nashelsk. Our neighbor came running and with tears gave us bread for the road. During this historic “pilgrimage” which lasted, if I'm not mistaken, an entire day, they beat, shot, murdered and chased us like animals. Many died on the way. My sister's sandals ripped and she had to run barefoot on the snow and on the ice.

When we arrived to our destination, to Nashelsk, they put us in the municipal synagogue in terrible crowded conditions. We were beaten, and shots were heard throughout the night.

In the morning they led us to the train station where we went through a meticulous search. They were looking for gold and valuables, and when they found ritual articles like: tallit, tefillin, siddurim, etc. - they burst out laughing and desecrated them. To many they cut the beards with great cruelty and ordered them to wash in the mud. They undressed people, took my sister to the toilet and conducted a search as she was totally naked because they suspected that she had hidden valuables in a certain place. They pulled gold teeth from people's mouth.

To this day I don't know, and I think that I'd never know, why a German slapped me very hard. What for? When we were inside the cars the doors were locked and in this way they led usfor three days without water and food. The worst part was the thirst. My younger sister begged, like out of a dream, that we'll look for something for her to drink in the bucket. My sister and I sat on the floor next to the toilet and when we were thirsty we licked the dew from the windowpanes.

Various rumors circulated in the cars: some said that we'll be concentrated in a concentration camp surrounded by barbed wire. Others said that the Germans will kill us or take us to Germany for forced labor. In fact, we were led through East Prussia to Biała- Podlaska.

From the train station in Biała- Podlaska we were led to the synagogue and on the way we were met by the local Jews who were crying. The Jews took us from the synagogue to their homes. I found very decent people. My legs were swollen and my toes froze. I rested. There wasn't enough food, but it was better than we had before, there was also a warm stove there.

A short time later our aunt, who lived in Wołomin, found out that we were Biała- Podlaska. She came and took us to her. The journey to Wołomin was in freight cars, and with blows the Germans ordered my aunt to open and close the door.

We found our parents and our sister at my aunt's house. They managed to evade the expulsion to Nashelsk because they were with my aunt in the village near the Bug River.

My uncle in Wołomin was a good man and an excellent tailor, but it was difficult for him to support sixteen people during the war (there were eight of us and eight of them).

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The hunger and cold bothered us because the winter of 1940 was very difficult. I taught the neighbor's children and in return I received some food.

Thanks to the fact that one of my sisters was a seamstress and started to work, we were able to overcome everything. We rented a room where the whole family lived. My sister was given bread, potatoes, etc. in exchange for her sewing work. My mother sold tomatoes and in return received sugar, bread, canned food, and other products.

Thus life continued until the end of 1940, the year in which rumors started to spread that the German authorities decided to concentrate the Jews in certain locations, and only there they would be able to move freely. In simple words - put us in a ghetto.

From here begins the second part of my life. I was in a ghetto in a place called Ludwisin near Warsaw. We were given a small room which also served as a kitchen. To this day it's difficult for me to understand how eight people were able to live in such a narrow space. My little brother was in Soviet Russia. At that time began the struggle for existence, the war against hunger. We used all the means in order not to die of starvation. Mother wandered around the nearby villages and sold soap. In return she received bread, potatoes, and some soup that revived our souls. Of course, my mother's wanderings were forbidden and any carelessness could have resulted in her death.

My sister and I helped our mother with her work. My two sisters knitted good sweaters. We obtained torn sweaters and they knitted new sweaters from them. Father brought wood from the forest, but he didn't have shoes. His feet were wrapped in rags and he always had a cold. Once the Germans caught him, beat him brutally and as a result he fell ill. He came down with pneumonia and without any medical help he died on 18 March 1941.

I will never forget one incident: once, when I crossed the ghetto's border with bars of soap, I was caught by a Gestapo man and a Polish policeman. To their question “what are you doing outside the ghetto,” I answered that I wasn't Jewish. However, my excuses and proofs were of no avail and I was taken by force to jail. The favorite amusement of the S.S. men, who peeked into the jail cell, was to shoot into groups of Jews or individuals that they didn't like. I cried incessantly in prison. I separated from life and my parents. I didn't want to die and fought for my life despite my young age. “They” were strong, and the fate of the Jews was sealed - what was at that time the value of another Jewish child?

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The guard, who took pity on my, told me that the S.S. demands a ransom for me.

I was taken by a German into the ghetto, to the Judenrat, and there he demanded a considerable amount of money for me. The Judenrat's chairman didn't want to hear about it and explained - “there's no money, because the money must always be in my drawer in case the S.S. men demand large sums of money from me. Once, there wasn't money and fifty Jews were killed.” In comparison to such reality, who and what am I? But my fate to live was sealed. The weeping and pleading of my mother, who knelt on her knees, helped. She promised the Judenrat's chairman that she would return the debt after she'll sell her old sweaters, and what else can she offer? The Judenrat's chairman felt sorry for me, the S.S. man agreed to a smaller sum- and I was released.

All this didn't scare me and I often crossed the ghetto's border. I traveled by train to many places to obtain food so I wouldn't die of starvation and diseases together with my family. My sister tried to dress me nice so I wouldn't get caught dressed like a “damned Jewess.” And so, I wandered to feed my family. However, despite all my efforts, there were times when I only ate green grain and if there was none - I ate grass. I was especially afraid of the typhus which killed many in our ghetto. I lived under these conditions until they began to talk about the liquidation of the ghettos. Every day brought new news and no one understood the word “liquidation.” I didn't know that the meaning of the word “liquidation” is: gas chambers and crematoriums for the Jews of Poland.

One day, everyone talked about the upcoming liquidation of our ghetto, and we waited all night like sheep who do not object to their slaughter. At 4 o'clock in the morning - I don't remember the date - it was in the autumn of 1942, I heard the sound of busses near our house. Without a moment of thinking I fled through fields and swamps to the nearby forest. From a distance I heard shots, screams and the barking of dogs. It was absurd to stay there because the Germans searched everywhere and also in the nearby streets. The unforgettable moment of separation from my parents and family came. We kissed and each one of us went to look for a place to hide from imminent death. I gave my mother a kiss, and it was the last kiss. I didn't see her again because she was shot by the Germans.

I left, together with my sister Feiga, by train to Zegrze where we found a shelter from death and hunger inside a deep granary. At the same time the Germans conducted a thorough search for Jews in the area. From there I traveled to Siedlce, to the sister of the

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Polish man who hid me in Zegrze. He told me that no one knows me there, but there's a danger of the evil eye. The sister of the Polish man didn't know that we're Jewish. I worked for her in the field in hard work. It was good, but it only lasted for a week because the good guardian couldn't keep a secret. The police arrived quickly, and we were expelled accompanied by insult.

What next? I was sure that at that time there were still Jews in Biała-Podlaska Ghetto, and innocently went to the train station. There, I was warned that the Germans abduct young women to work in Germany. It was the autumn of 1942. It's true that youth hid, but for me there was no difference because I aspired for the moment that will bring me faster to the end of my wanderings and to this miserable life.

When I arrived to Biała I found that the ghetto was heavily guarded. I wandered in the streets, walked from house to house and asked if I could get a job as a maid, nanny etc. My sister found a job - I had no luck.

We fabricated a story that we are from Kobrin, our house was burnt and with it all of our papers, but no one believed our story. We were advised to tell the truth because it would be easier to obtain the necessary papers for me. My sister Feiga received the requested card and I got a job after three days of wanderings.

The person who gave me the job was an intelligent woman. I didn't reach prosperity because poverty was general, but a little food and a few rags to wear constituted a great treasure for me.

The abundance didn't last long because three weeks later the woman learned my true identity. With heartache she took me out of her house because I and her family were in danger of death. In addition, six Gestapo men lived behind the wall.

Where to go? Where to wander? I went to my sister Feiga but without any results. I went back to the street and found a job. The Pole that I worked for was a bad man - I got bread by weight and quantity, and I was barely full. I took care of a child, did all the housework and also cared for 60 rabbits, chickens and goats.

When I checked the chickens if they have eggs and one egg didn't come out, my employer hit me and said - where's the egg?

I stole bread and ate it at night in my bed. I was very scared to go to the city, which was a distance of several kilometers from the village, because once I couldn't find the way back. I was lost and cried bitterly. But it didn't last long and once again I went out to look for a new workplace..

I found a new job as a maid and farm worker in a certain village. I fed the pigs,

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chickens and cows, and learned all kinds of agricultural work. The owner of the place was a forester, a very good man. His wife was also young and I befriended her. She washed the laundry of the Russian partisans and in return received fat and money. I also enjoyed it. However, also this time my happiness didn't last long, because the farmers in the area started to whisper that I was Jewish and my employer received a lot of money and gold from me.

One day, I traveled to the city by train and when the Gestapo inspected the documents I announced that I left them at home. Of course, the Gestapo man didn't believe this story, and since I was wearing a Russian-style jacket he thought that I belonged to the partisans and led me to the forest to kill me. At the same time the man, who stood next to us, protected me. He said that he knows me, I live in his village and also the “Voit,” the village head, can confirm it. He was struck on his head, fell to the ground, the Gestapo men kicked him and their dogs had bitten him. Apparently I was designed to live longer. The frightened village head testified with chattering teeth that I work in the village and he knows me well.

However, the forester asked me to leave his home because a group of Gestapo men lived nearby. Some time later I learned that the forester was shot by them and was buried behind the pig pen.

During the Russian partisans' nightly visits I begged them to let me join them. They promised to take me, but an evening has passed, many days and nights have passed, and they didn't come. The partisans clashed with the Germans and transferred their bases to more distant forests.

However, the forester didn't leave me without a way out and asked his nephew, who lived in the city, to give me a job. His nephew had a little boy and a tiny farm. Of course, they didn't know my identity and that I was Jewish. I started to work for him. Over time this family moved to the former Jewish ghetto where they received a three bedroom apartment and also a room for me.

It was good for me there. The family was good and the woman was like a sister to me. The head of the family tried to get an identity card for me, but at the same time he was arrested and shot.

Once, when we left the city for the summer house, all the documents were inspected on the way but our cart managed to escape and I survived. I was also stopped when I walked with the little boy, but I managed to escape.

Hunger penetrated our home after the murder of the head of the family. I woke up before sunrise to

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stand in a long line for a loaf bread and a little low-fat milk. Then, the mother of the murdered man came to live with us and supported us with her money. This mother-in-law was a bad woman. She abused us and caused a lot of trouble.

The wife of the murdered man always cried and our situation worsened. At the same time I received an identity card thanks to the efforts of the murdered man's friend. I played with the card for many hours and kissed it. I couldn't sleep at night because thanks to this card I became a different person and I was no longer Jewish, meaning, that I saved my life.

The landlady told me that now, when I have the documents in my hands, I should look for another job because I no longer need to suffer from hunger and her mother-in-law. I didn't want to leave her and her sick little boy, and shared the order of life with her. But life has its own rules and a short time later I left her. I got a job with three elderly people. The food was first rate, the salary was high, gifts, cinema, a day off on Sunday, etc. However, rumors started to circulate that the front was approaching, and my employers fled to another location. Then, I rented a room with a poor family and worked as a maid for the Germans, but they also packed their belongings and got ready to escape. I started to work as a janitor at the local slaughterhouse. I had no shortage of meat and fat. I also brought decent chunks of meat to my landlady and revived her soul.

Suddenly, the front got closer and again: war and bombings. I escaped to a village where I worked in the fields also during the bombing - it was July 1944. However, I didn't get enough food for this work and left to look for another job. When I didn't find another job I decided to return to the city by foot, a distance of 24 kilometers. On the way to the city, not far from a certain village, three soldiers on horseback that their uniform was different from the Germans' uniform, suddenly appeared behind a mound. They asked me about the distance to Warsaw and if the Germans are nearby. The farmers stated that they were Russians - and it was the first time in my life to see Russians. The Russian soldiers ordered us to return to the village, but a bombardment and an exchange of fire had started on the way. This war was for the occupation of the nearby town. I hid in the field, inside the standing wheat, and a short time later left for the road together with a young woman. The road was littered with bodies, horses and military equipment.

Biała- Podlaska looked dead, the streets were empty and the city was destroyed.

Thus, without expecting it, the time of my redemption has arrived. I didn't dream about it and didn't look forward to it, because I was convinced that the Germans will stay in Poland forever. Now, their time has come -

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the fascist beast, which carried with it only destruction, was gone and liberator Red Army and the Polish Army, which saved millions of people regardless of religion and nationality, penetrated Poland.

There was no work, so, what next? My aspiration was to return to my people and be Jewish because that's how I was born. The problem was how and in what way to fulfill this aspiration. Fear and trembling flooded me, I was afraid to enter a Jewish home and get closer to a Jew. I looked behind me in the street to make sure that no one was following me, and after that I entered a Jewish home. At first they didn't believe that I was Jewish, asked me about my knowledge of the language, and only after many investigations believed me.

I saw how we are recovering slowly, and that human dignity is coming back to us. We didn't have enough food and all the Jews engaged in trade. This trade was pitiful, but it was enough for a little bread. The Russian soldiers helped us by giving us food and clothes.

I decided to set out and look for my family. I left for Warsaw in a military truck and in the Jewish committee in Praga I learned that one of my sisters was alive, and that one of my cousins was alive and living in Warsaw. Following these reports I learned that another sister survived and lives in Lodz.

I continued to wander from village to village. It was an intense winter and the snow reached the knees. I found an aunt and her three daughters - but I didn't find my mother.

Later, I traveled to Lodz. I brought my aunt to my cousin, and slowly slowly the family reunited. A short time later I found my brother in the Polish Army, and also learned that two of my sisters were in Germany. However, my happiness didn't last long. One of my sisters left Lodz and I, together with my sister Feiga, remained in a difficult situation, without an apartment and without food. Therefore, I decided, under Feiga's advice, to travel to Danzig. I was hoping to get one of the apartments that remained empty after the Germans left. My thought was verified. In Danzig I received a beautiful furnished apartment. I worked in a coffee house and Feiga in a hospital, and under the terms of that time we had enough food. I was there until I immigrated to Israel.

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