[Page 242]

Zagare (Zhager in Yiddish) is one of the oldest settlements in Lithuania. It lies on both banks of the Svete River on the Latvian border, about 40 km. (nearly 25 miles) from the district administrative center of Siauliai (Shavl), where an estate named Zagare was built and which eventually developed into a town. In 1495 the town received permission to hold markets. A hundred years later a church was built on the right bank of the river: houses were built around it and streets were paved according to a relatively modern plan. By the end of the seventeenth century there were one hundred homes. This area was called New Zhager and the older settlement on the left bank, Old Zhager, these two settlements being managed by different administrative units. A wooden bridge over the river Svete connected the two areas.

In time the population of New Zhager exceeded that of Old Zhager and the economic and social conditions as well as the quality of life were far superior to that in the older area. A noble family named Narishkin, who from 1850 was the owner of the Zhager estate and part of New Zhager, exerted great influence on its development as economic activity grew rapidly. In 1861 there were three small factories producing buttons, belts and sundry items. They employed ninety workers. More small industries for processing agricultural products and other foods were established. One of the workshops produced candles.

In contrast, the economic development of Old Zhager, whose land now belonged to the noble family Heiman, was slow. In 1897 there were 27 shops compared to 121 in New Zhager, while 90 artisans lived in the old town compared to 640 in the new.

Over the years Zhager residents suffered many adversities: the Russian–Swedish war in 1705; a cholera epidemic in 1848; the Polish rebellion in 1863; the great famine in the region in 1867, and inevitably, fires in 1864, 1881, 1909 and 1911. A Cossack battalion brought into the town to restore order during the revolution of 1905 caused many problems for the residents of Zhager. For a very short time the revolutionaries established a symbolic autonomic framework, called The Zhager Republic.

From the end of the nineteenth century until World War I New and Old Zhager combined and became a district administrative center: government and other institutions had offices there. There was also extensive commercial dialogue with Latvia and the town attracted buyers from Germany and England to its annual fairs. Not unexpectedly, Zhager's population increased. While Czarist Russia was in control (1795–1915), Zhager was in the Kovno Province (Gubernia) and in the Shavl (Siauliai) district.

However, from 1918 to 1940 under independent Lithuania, the absence of trade with Latvia and Russia was a severe blow to the local economy. The

[Page 243]

population decreased to its level of sixty years previously. During this period Zhager was a county administrative center, a status it kept during Soviet rule (1940–1941) and during World War II under Nazi rule (1941–1944).

The Jewish community in Zhager was one of the first in Lithuania, in particular in the Zamut (Zemaitija). Its earliest development can probably be traced back to the sixteenth century. The first Jews in the town collected taxes for the authorities and rent for the landowners and traded in salt and metals that they imported from abroad. Others exported honey, wax and leather, while there were also active Jewish artisans. In 1766 there were 840 Jews and by 1847 the number had increased to 2,266.

The two separate communities each had its own rabbi, cantors, shokhtim and cemetery.

Because of overcrowding and difficult living conditions, sanitation was very bad, and when a cholera epidemic reached the town, 973 Jews succumbed. At the end of the nineteenth century Old Zhager had 1,629 (64%) Jews out of a total of 2,527 residents. There were 210 houses, of which 158 were Jewish owned.

Most Jews made their living from crafts (mainly tailoring and shoemaking) from agriculture (vegetable and cherry growing) and from small trades after the wholesalers had moved to New Zhager. There were then about 500 Jewish craftsmen. The synagogue, the Beth Midrash and the bath–house were among the few buildings constructed of stone.

Jewish children studied in its few Hadarim. In 1893 a Jewish school for girls with two classes opened in Old Zhager.

Despite the continuing economic deterioration, the community continued to extend help to other communities in trouble. For example, in 1884 a fire almost ruined the nearby town of Laizeve (Laizuva) and both Zhager communities donated 70 rubles for its restoration.

Among the rabbis who officiated in Old Zhager were:

Yekutiel–Zalman, died in 1848
Tsemakh Zaksh (1796–1863), served in Zhager 1815–1863
Hayim Luria, from 1858 in Zhager
Hayim–Tsevi–Hirsh Broida
Yehudah–Leib Rif
Yehudah–Leib Broida (official rabbi).

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About 50 Jewish families occupied the entire market square in New Zhager in 1790. These families operated 30 shops and bars in the town and its surroundings. The leasing fees for all these buildings totalled 900 rubles per annum. By this time the main institutions of the community, including prayer houses and the cemetery, were in use. The town's rabbi, Berl Itskovitz, was responsible for the payment of the Jews' leasing fees for their houses and business premises.

After the Napoleonic wars, the authorities, acting on Jewish requests, increased the number of market days and fairs. Some sources claim that the value of goods sold at each fair was about 4,000 rubles and the turnover for the Jews accounted for 900 rubles. The Jews established factories for candles; for a beverage made of honey (probably mead with malt); cords; leather; buttons, for processing pig bristles, etc. The flax processing plant, owned by Mosheh Elyashev, employed 100 workers.

In 1897 the Jews of greater Zhager totaled about 60% of the population: 5,443 Jews (1,629 in Old Zhager and 3,814 in New Zhager) out of 9,129 residents. They occupied 329 of the total of 450 plots. Most Jews made their living from crafts, small industry, agriculture and trade. In contrast to Old Zhager, in New Zhager the relatively large number of important merchants was significant. The New Zhager merchants exported flax (about 4,000 wagons per year) and grains (about 1,000 wagons per year) to Germany and other countries and imported goods (about 300 wagons) from abroad. The pleasant commercial center built in the center of the town was also occupied mainly by Jewish merchants.

The sound economic situation of most of the Jewish population encouraged a favorable attitude towards them by the authorities, who granted them considerable freedom to conduct their affairs through the Civic Management which was created in 1880. One of the heads of the Narishkin family opened his splendid garden to the Jews, a garden spread over an area of 80 hectares, which in time became the urban park.

During this time, there were four Jewish educational institutions: a boys' school with thirty pupils in 1897/98; a girls' school with fifty–three young ladies, a Talmud Torah located in a magnificent building built through donations by Zhager–born Klonimus Ze'ev Wissotzky (the founder of the tea firm in Russia) and another where a further 100 boys studied. In this school Hebrew, Russian, German and arithmetic were already being taught in 1900. For some of the time Nathan–Neta Vainberg was the teacher of the three languages.

The Russian government school had a complement of 154 Jewish boys and 24 girls. Boys and men studied religious subjects at the four Batei Midrash in town.

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In the 1840s eighteen Jewish families from Yanishok (Joniskis) and Zhager (among them the K. Z. Wissotzky family) moved to Dubne, about 30 km. (20 miles) from Dvinsk, to establish an agricultural settlement on land that the government had allocated, without charge, for an experimental farm which eventually failed.

In autumn 1881 a raging fire broke out and the HaMelitz newspaper reported that “more than 400 buildings, including the synagogue and the Beth Midrash, burned down and about 1,000 families were left without a roof over their heads”. Thanks to the newspaper HaMelitz appeal for assistance and other requests, help arrived in the form of money, food and clothes. A committee led by the local physicians Dr. Hertsberg and Dr. Hentch was very active in managing the restoration work, greatly helping the Jewish population for many years. It is noteworthy that Dr. Hentch was a Christian gentleman.

In the years 1880 to 1890 there was a surge of emigration from Zhager to South Africa and America. A society named Rodfei Tsedek Anshei Zhager (The Pursuers of Justice from Zhager) was established in Philadelphia in 1887. By 1895 there already was a large community of former Zhager Jews in Johannesburg: they generously supported their relatives back home. The list of donors was published in the Hebrew newspaper HaTsefirah.

The rabbis who officiated in New–Zhager were:

Berl Itskovitz
Shimon Hurvitz (1810–1900), later rabbi in Leipzig, published many books on Judaica
Eliyahu Shik (1809–1876), famous for his fight against conscription of poor Jewish children to serve in the Czar's army for twenty five years (according to an order which Czar Nikolai the First had issued in 1827): he died in Kobrin.
Uri–David Apiryon (lived in the nineteenth century)
Hayim–Yits'hak Korb (1870–1957), during 1930–1950 was head of a Yeshivah in Chicago. In 1952 he emigrated to Jerusalem, where he died.
Ya'akov–Josef Harif.

Many Jews in Zhager, and in particular in Old Zhager, were fanatically orthodox. For many years it was a center of the Musar movement initiated by the Zhager–born Yisrael Salanter. However, many merchants who travelled to Koenigsberg, Leipzig and other German towns on business imported, together with the goods, new ideas and many books representing the best of European literature. Among these travellers was a group of erudite religious people, not fanatics, who avidly read secular and scientific books. This group

[Page 246]

was the Khahmei Zhager (Zhager Scholars) and was formed soon after Haskala. Among its members and supporters were:

Hayim Zak, honored by all the town's people
Shneur Zaksh, researcher of Judaica
Refael Neta Rabinovitz, author of the book Dikdukei Sofrim
Rabbi Shimon HaLevi Hurvitz, later the rabbi of Leipzig
The writer Ya'akov Dinezon
The bibliographer Avraham Freidos
Ben–Zion Zaltsberg who published a research work on Koheleth
Eliezer Atlas, in due course one of the editors of the Hebrew periodicals HeAsif and HaKerem
Avraham Idelson, later the editor of the Jewish Russian periodical Razsviet which was published in St. Petersburg
Tsevi Kan, a specialist in Judaica
Simhah Hilman, a future workers leader in the USA
Tsevi Izakson, in time the chairman of the Agrarians Union in Israel, and many others.

The Synagogue (Picture taken by and courtesy of Elkan Gamzu, July 2005)

[Page 247]

The most prominent and erudite of the learned men of Zhager were the Mandelshtams. The family originated in Germany and its descendants were among the leaders of the Haskalah movement in Russia and among the great writers and scientists in that country. In particular Josef Mandelshtam and his three sons Benjamin, Aryeh–Leon and Yehezkel were famous, since, in addition to their chosen professions, they were also involved in Bible research, writing poetry and imparting their knowledge to the Jewish people. The son of Yehezkel, Max (Imanuel), whose education had its roots in a Heder in Zhager, eventually became a famous ophthalmologist in Kiev and assistant to Theodor Herzl in promoting Zionism. Hayim–Josef the son of Mosheh Mandelshtam published articles on Zhager in HaMelitz. It is worthwhile mentioning that Zhager, quite a small town, produced a long line of erudite men, intellectuals, writers, researchers and public figures who were well known in the Jewish world.

The Aron–Kodesh in New–Zhager

[Page 248]

The Synagogue in Old–Zhager

The Bund, with its many Jewish workers, had much influence, but later the Hibath Zion movement and Zionism became the strongest local social force.

There are at least five tombstones of Zhager Jews in the old cemetery in Jerusalem:

Rabbi Tsevi, son of Zerakh, died in 1861
Fruma, daughter of Shemuel, died in 1863
Yehezkel, son of Ze'ev Katz, died in 1870
Leib, son of Yisrael Be'eri, died in 1873
Duber, son of Leib, died in 1899.

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In lists of donors for the settlement of Eretz–Yisrael published in HaMelitz in the years 1894, 1895, 1897, 1898, 1900, 1902 and 1903, the names of 315 Zhager Jews appear. The fund raisers were B. Segal and B”Z. Goldberg (see Appendix 1). In a 1909 list there are another 18 donors (see Appendix 2).

The donors to the Persian famine victims in 1872 published in HaMagid, include 142 Zhager Jews. (see Appendix 3).

The religious anti–Zionist Agudath Yisrael party was also active in Zhager. In a list of yearly membership fees paid to this party dated 1914, 64 names from New Zhager appear and also 10 from Old Zhager (see Appendix 4).

Zhager Jews exhibited a strong solidarity with their Lithuanian neighbors. When Czarist rule prohibited the printing of books in Lithuanian, Zhager Jews helped the Book–carriers (Knygnesiai in Lithuanian) to smuggle Lithuanian literature from abroad into the country. Zhager Jews took part in the 1905 revolution and several were detained, exiled and even shot by the Russians.

During World War I most Zhager Jews left their town for Russia or emigrated elsewhere.

After World War I and the delineation of the border between the two new independent states, Latvia and Lithuania, Zhager declined into one of the remotest and poorest towns in Lithuania. Many of its Jewish residents did not return and quite a few of those who did later emigrated to America, South Africa and Eretz–Yisrael. The major problem was that the nearest railway station was about 28 km. (17 miles) distant. This caused insurmountable problems for local commercial and social activity. There was no road to Zhager passable in winter and the only commercial activity was confined to the market days on Tuesdays and Fridays.

The first census by the new Lithuanian government, taken in 1923, counted 4,730 residents living in Zhager. Of these 1,928 (61%) were Jews.

Following the law of autonomies for minorities issued by the Lithuanian government, the minister for Jewish affairs, Dr. Menachem (Max) Soloveitshik, ordered elections for community committees (Va'adei Kehilah) to be held in the summer of 1919. In Zhager the elections took place in the first half of 1920 and a committee of eleven members was elected. In 1921 the committee consisted of one General Zionist, two Tseirei Zion, one artisan, two from the workers list and five non–party men.

In 1931 there were 59 shops, 51 (86%) of them in Jewish hands. The distribution according to type of business is given in the table below:

[Page 250]

Type of business	Total	Owned by Jews
Groceries	5	5
Grain and flax	2	2
Butcher shops and Cattle Trade	21	19
Restaurants and Taverns	2	1
Food Products	1	1
Beverages	1	0
Textile Products and Furs	8	8
Leather and Shoes	7	6
Haberdashery and house utensils	1	1
Medicine and Cosmetics	5	2
Watches, Jewels and Optics	2	2
Radio, Bicycles, Sewing Machines	1	1
Hardware Products	2	2
Other	1	1

[Page 251]

Youth from Old–Zhager, most of whom emigrated to South Africa

A group of Zhager men

[Page 252]

The Jewish Popular Bank (Folksbank), with 287 members in 1927, played an important role in the financial affairs of Zhager's Jews.

Except for a few outbreaks of hostility by Lithuanians against their Jewish neighbors, there was, on the whole, fair surface amity between them.

The nine members of the municipal council included four Jews but in the 1934 elections only three Jews were successful.

In the early 1930s aggressive competition from Lithuanian cooperatives increased. Because of the difficult economic conditions, inevitable feelings of depression, and being cut off from Latvia, many Jewish merchants and also youth moved from Zhager, particularly to the nearest town of Joniskis (Janishok).

Despite the annulment of the autonomy in 1925, the end of the Va'ad HaKehilah and the continuing decrease in number of Jews, almost all institutions continued their activities: seven prayer houses; the old age home; the Bikur Holim society; two bath houses; two libraries (one Yiddish and one Hebrew) and two schools. 135 children studied in the school of the religious Yavneh network. In 1922 the Tarbuth society organized evening courses for adults, with fifty participants.

The market square

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Congress No.	Year	Total Sheh	Total Votes	Labor Party Z”S Z”Z		Revisionists	Gen Zion A B		Gro	Miz
16	1929	33	10	—	1	4	1	—	—	1
18	1933	—	64	45		12	7	—	—	—
19	1935	255	261	161		#151;	46	52	—	2

By 1939 there were 5,443 residents including about 1,000 (18%) Jews. Of 36 telephone subscribers 15 were Jews.

Despite the inevitable disruptions caused by World War I and thereafter, the rivalry between Old Zhager and New Zhager Jews remained unchanged. The Old Zhager people thought that they were more important: after all, the first Jewish settlement was established there. But the New Zhagers thought that they were superior because most of the Jewish community lived there. These differences caused unnecessary controversy at times. This old–time split was resolved and family relations preserved thanks to the actions of Rabbi Yisrael Rif, the rabbi of New Zhager and his son, Yits'hak–Zundl Rif, the rabbi in Old Zhager.

Zhager branch of Maccabi

[Page 254]

Zhager in World War II and Afterward

During Sovietization (1940–1941), after Lithuania had been annexed to the Soviet Union, almost all Jewish institutions and all Zionist parties and youth organizations were disbanded and the Hebrew school closed. The Yiddish library founded by the Libhober fun Visen (Fans of Knowledge) association was one of the few institutions which continued to exist. Several shops were nationalized. A short time before the German invasion of Lithuania several Jewish families were exiled to Siberia, among them the teacher and Bible researcher Meir Kantorovitz (Elyoeini).

Three days after the outbreak of war between Germany and the Soviet Union, on June 25^th, 1941, the Germans occupied Zhager, assisted by armed Lithuanians calling themselves Nationalist anti–Soviet Partisans. Together with the municipality they imprisoned hundreds of Jewish men in the synagogue and subjected them to great cruelty. The old rabbi, Yisrael Rif, a tall man, was insulted and assaulted violently. He and a short Jew were forced to harness themselves to a cart and pull it through the streets of the town to the amusement of the Lithuanian onlookers. Many Jews were shot in the Jewish cemetery and in a nearby grove.

In July all Jews were concentrated into one quarter, a so–called ghetto. They were joined by Jews from Zheimel (Zeimelis), Tirkshle (Tirksliai), Trishik (Tryskiai), Yanishok (Joniskis), Loikeve (Laukuva), Ligum (Lygumai), Linkeve (Linkuva), Pokroi (Pakruojus), Kelm (Kelme), Krok (Kriukai) and Radvilishok (Radviliskis). Altogether they comprised about 7,000 people. Each day the Lithuanians forced most of the men into various types of hard labor, all the while maltreating them. Before going out to work, the men were forced to spit in the face of Rabbi Rif and any man refusing to fulfil this order was killed on the spot. In order to avoid the slaughter the rabbi ordered them to obey. Humiliated and hungry, crowded into the small ghetto without sanitary facilities or medical help, they suffered greatly at the hands of these Lithuanians and Latvians. Gangs frequently burst into the ghetto to rob, rape and pillage.

[Page 255]

The mass grave at the Narishkin Park (Picture taken and supplied courtesy of Elkan Gamzu, July 2005)

Only a few Jews survived the gruesome bloodshed those who had been exiled and a few others who managed to escape to Russia at the outbreak of war. The researcher Meir Kantorovitz died in exile in 1980.

[Page 256]

The monument at the murder site (Picture taken and supplied courtesy of Elkan Gamzu, July 2005)

[Page 257]

The inscription on the tablet of the monument in Lithuanian and Yiddish: “At this site Hitler's murderers and their local helpers murdered about 3000 Jewish men, women, children from Shavl district on 2nd October 1941.”

A monument in memoriam of about 40 Zhager Jews who were slaughtered at the Jewish cemetery in 1941

[Page 258]

At the beginning of the 1990s at the entrance to Narishkin Park two tablets were erected, bearing inscriptions in Lithuanian and Yiddish: “At this site Hitler's murderers and their local helpers murdered about 3,000 Jews from the Shavl district, men, women, children on 2^{nd October 1941”.}

The remains of the Zhager Jewish cemetery (Picture taken and supplied by Elkan Gamzu, July 2005)

[Page 259]

Sources:

Yad Vashem Archives, M–1/Q–1407/181; M1/E–1032/931, 1679/1556; M–9/15 (6); 0–4/1; 0–33/1261; Koniuhovsky collection 0–71, files 102, 115
YIVO, New York, Lithuanian Communities Collection, files 437–452
Oshri – Hurben Lite (Yiddish)
Oshri – Rabbi Yisrael Rif–Zhager (Hebrew)
Dinezon Ya'akov – Erinerungen, Der Pinkas (Yiddish), Vilna 1913
Vigoder Meir–Joel, Sefer Zikaron (Hebrew), Dublin–Liege, 1931
Yerushalmi Eliezer, Pinkas Shavli (Hebrew)
Slutsky Yehudah, Dr. Mandelshtam (Hebrew), HaAvar 4, 1977
Kantorovitz Meir (Elyoeini), Bible Research from the Soviet Captivity, (Hebrew), Jerusalem, 1984
Yiddisher Lebn (Yiddish) Kovno, #124, 13.4.1923
Dos Vort (Yiddish) Kovno, 10.11.1934
Di Yiddishe Shtime, Kovno, 26.6.1931
Di Tsait, Kovno, 4.10.1933
HaMelitz, (Hebrew), St. Petersburg, 6.2.1862; 10.6.1879; 14.10.1879; 20.9.1881; 23.2.1884; 5.1.1884; 29.8.1884; 17.12.1885; 17.1.1886; 1893 #66; 4.7.1895
HaAvar (Hebrew), Vol.4, 1956; Vol 21, 1972.
Morgen Journal (Yiddish), New York, 10.6.1946
Kovner Tog (Yiddish) 8.6.1926
Masines Zudynes Lietuvoje (Mass Murder in Lithuania) Vol. 2, pages 225–141
Janulaitis Augustinas – Zydai Lietuvoje, Kaunas 1923

[Page 260]

Surname	Given Name	Comments	Town	Year
AHRENZOHN	Chaim	from old Zagare	Zagare*	1872
AHRENZOHN	Nachum		Zagare*	1872
ARKIN	Chaim Leib		Zagare*	1872
ARKIN	Dovid		Zagare*	1872
ARKIN	Mendil		Zagare*	1872
ARKIN	Shmuel		Zagare*	1872
ARKIN	Tuvia		Zagare*	1872
ARKIN	Yosef		Zagare*	1872
ASHRON	Ber		Zagare*	1872
ATLES	Eliezer Tzvi		Zagare*	1872
BALKIN	Eizik		Zagare*	1872
BARSHTEIN	Shmuel		Zagare*	1872
BASKIN	Dovid	from old Zagare	Zagare*	1872
BISKOWITZ	Yehoshua		Zagare*	1872
BLUMBERG	Simcha		Zagare*	1872
BORZOWSKI	Chaim		Zagare*	1872
BROIDA	Mordechai		Zagare*	1872
CHAITKIN	Avraham		Zagare*	1872
CHEZKELOWITZ	Yudel		Zagare*	1872
DISLER	Yeshiahu		Zagare*	1872
DOVIDOWITZ	Zalman	from old Zagare	Zagare*	1872
DWALEINKI	Eli		Zagare*	1872
DWOLEIZKI	Avraham		Zagare*	1872
DWOLEIZKI	Mendil		Zagare*	1872
EIZEKZOHN	Avraham		Zagare*	1872
EIZENSHTAT	Moshe Zalman		Zagare*	1872
EPSHTEIN	Cheikel	bridegroom	Zagare*	1872
EPSHTEIN	Leib		Zagare*	1872
FISHHOIT	Kalman		Zagare*	1872
FRIDMAN	Devorah	woman, mother of Yehuda Leib	Zagare*	1872
FRIDMAN	Dov Ber		Zagare*	1872
FRIDMAN	Eli Ber		Zagare*	1872
FRIDMAN	Eliezer	gvir	Zagare*	1872
FRIDMAN	Leib		Zagare*	1872
FRIDMAN	Nechamiah		Zagare*	1872
FRIDMAN	Raphel		Zagare*	1872
FRIDMAN	Shraga		Zagare*	1872
FRIDMAN	Tzvi	gvir	Zagare*	1872
FRIDMAN	Yechezkel		Zagare*	1872
FRIDMAN	Yechezkel Mendil		Zagare*	1872
FRIDMAN	Yechiel		Zagare*	1872
FRIDMAN	Yehuda Leib	son of Devorah	Zagare*	1872
FRIEDENZOHN	Yakov		Zagare*	1872
GOLDBERG	Hirsh		Zagare*	1872
GOLDBERG	Shalom Meir		Zagare*	1872
GOLDBERG	Tuvia	f–i–l of Bendet	Zagare*	1872
HOPSHA	Shraga Meir		Zagare*	1872
HORWITZ	Gitel	woman	Zagare*	1872
HORWITZ	Leib		Zagare*	1872
KANTOR	Hirsh ben Yoel		Zagare*	1872
KIWIN	Yosef ben Leib		Zagare*	1872
KOHN	Tzvi		Zagare*	1872
KOTZ	Leib		Zagare*	1872
KREZER	Moshe		Zagare*	1872
KWEITZ	Meir		Zagare*	1872
KWITZ	Mendil		Zagare*	1872
LANE	Wolf		Zagare*	1872
LEWIMAN	Zalman		Zagare*	1872
LEWIN	Tzvi	boy	Zagare*	1872
LEWITAN	Shlomo		Zagare*	1872
LIPSHITZ	Moishe		Zagare*	1872
LURIA	Nechemiah	f–i–l of Yakov	Zagare*	1872
LURIN	Yosef		Zagare*	1872
MANDELSHTAM	Tzvi		Zagare*	1872
MEINKIN	Dovid	bridegroom	Zagare*	1872
MENDELZOHN	Yakov		Zagare*	1872
MINKEN	Abba	father of Shalom	Zagare*	1872
MINKEN	Shalom ben Abba		Zagare*	1872
MIYANISHOK	Pesach	from Joniskis (Yanishok)	Zagare*	1872
MOLWIDZKI	Abba		Zagare*	1872
MOLWIDZKI	Shalom		Zagare*	1872
MOSHAT	Yosef	bridegroom	Zagare*	1872
MOZEZOHN	Yitzchok		Zagare*	1872
NACHUMZOHN	Lemel		Zagare*	1872
NATKIN	Ber		Zagare*	1872
NEIMARK	Avraham	from old Zagare	Zagare*	1872
NEIWIDAL	Beinish		Zagare*	1872
NEIWIDAL	Yitzchok		Zagare*	1872
NOIMESHZOHN	Shalom		Zagare*	1872
PINKUS	Yakov		Zagare*	1872
RABINOWITZ	Boruch		Zagare*	1872
RABINOWITZ	Zalman		Zagare*	1872
RITOW	Avraham		Zagare*	1872
ROZENBERG	Dovid Shlomo		Zagare*	1872
RUBIN	Shalom	father of Shephtil	Zagare*	1872
RUBIN	Shephtil	ben Shalom	Zagare*	1872
RUBIN	Zalkind		Zagare*	1872
SEGAL	Note		Zagare*	1872
SHAPIRO	Ber		Zagare*	1872
SHIK	Eli	Rabbi Gaon ABD	Zagare*	1872
SHLEZINGER	Eli		Zagare*	1872
SHMIDMAN	Shmuel Kopel			1872
SHNEIDER	Moshe		Zagare*	1872
SHUB	Shmuel		Zagare*	1872
TANKEL	Abba		Zagare*	1872
WEINBERG	Ber		Zagare*	1872
WEINER	Tzvi		Zagare*	1872
WEINERWITZ	Eli ben Hirsh Mendil		Zagare*	1872
WEINGEWER	Wolf		Zagare*	1872
WINDEROW	Yitzchok	bridegroom	Zagare*	1872
YAFE	Abba		Zagare*	1872
YAFE	Eizik		Zagare*	1872
YAFE	Leib		Zagare*	1872
YAFE	Moshe		Zagare*	1872
YAFE	Shalom		Zagare*	1872
YAFE	Yeshayahu		Zagare*	1872
YAKOBZOHN	Hillel		Zagare*	1872
YAKOBZOHN	Mordechai	bridegroom	Zagare*	1872
YAKOBZOHN	Nachum		Zagare*	1872
YAKOBZOHN	Nachum	bridegroom	Zagare*	1872
YAKOBZOHN	Yakov		Zagare*	1872
YERMAN	Meir	bridegroom	Zagare*	1872
YITZCHOK	Yafe		Zagare*	1872
YUDES	Yeshiahu		Zagare*	1872
ZAK	Chaim	gvir	Zagare*	1872
ZAKS	Hershil		Zagare*	1872
ZALELZOHN	Mendil		Zagare*	1872
ZALELZOHN	Shachna		Zagare*	1872
ZALELZOHN	Yitzchok		Zagare*	1872
ZALKIND	H	Apothecary	Zagare*	1872
ZELIKOWITZ	Leib		Zagare*	1872
	Abba ben Yehuda Leib	bridegroom	Zagare*	1872
	Ari ben Yehoshua		Zagare*	1872
	Bendet	s–i–l of Tuvia Goldberg	Zagare*	1872
	Hirsh ben Binyomin		Zagare*	1872
	Leib ben Yitzchok		Zagare*	1872
	Lesne	woman, mother of Nechama Hene	Zagare*	1872
	Menashe	g”sh	Zagare*	1872
	Nechama Hene bas Lesne		Zagare*	1872
	Note Yitzchok		Zagare*	1872
	Pesach Tzvi		Zagare*	1872
	Shephtil ben Boruch		Zagare*	1872
	Shraga Levi	bridegroom	Zagare*	1872
	Tzvi Levi	m”sh	Zagare*	1872
	Yakov	s–i–l of Nechamiah Luria	Zagare*	1872
	Yehoshua ben Abba		Zagare*	1872
	Yeshiahu son of Rabbi Dovid		Zagare*	1872
	Yeshiahu Tuvia son of the Rabbi	bridegroom	Zagare*	1872
	Zalkind	m”sh	Zagare*	1872
	Zalman	m”sh	Zagare*	1872
GOLDBERG	Yechezkel	businessman visiting Riga	Zagare, Lith.	1871
ZAKS	I	businessman visiting Riga	Zagare, Lith.	1871

[Page 265]

New Zhager: Apiryon Mendl Arenov Tsevi Arkin Mordehai Asasin Leib Blas Josef Blidun Hayim Blum Avraham–Ya'akov Blum Josef Brokhman David Bruker Mendl Dvoloitsky Shakhna Eszon Shemuel–Khone Esterman David Fridman Yehudah Goldberg Azriel Goldberg Tsevi Gitelson Peretz Gotlib Shalom Gotler Shalom Helman Asher Kantor Yudl Kimelfeld Pinhas Lan Ya'alov–Mosheh Lerman Aizik Levitas Leib Lisus Mordehai Lisus Aizik London Meir London Yits'hak Maister Yehudah–Meir Mandelshtam Josef Markushevitz Yits'hak Meler Ben–Zion Melamed A.S. Milvitsky Sheftl Milvitzky Eliezer Naividel Shalom–Tuviyah Nurok Noakh Peretsman Tsevi Rabinovitz Leib Rozenberg Leib Rozenfeld Nahum Sarok Josef Shalamov Mordehai Shapov Mordehai Sheininzon Mosheh Shikshtein Yehezkel Shokhat David Shor Elazar Shtein Shelomoh–Mosheh Tankel Mosheh–Aharon Tankel Aba–Eliezer Todes Shalom Trumpeitsky Shalom–Tsevi Vagenheim Mihah Viner Josef Volkin Avraham–Shimon Yakobzon Tsevi Yankelson Tsevi–Leib Yavnovitz Mosheh Yankelevitz Hayim Dr. Zagarzky Yekutiel Zlot Khone Zegerman Asher Old Zhager Blidon Mordehai Feldman Ben–Zion, Rabbi Fishhoit Fishl Hilman Shemuel Hirshberg Shemuel–Eliyahu Gavronsky Shabtai Kahn Hayim–Mendl Levitas Avraham–Elia Olshvang Mosheh–Yits'hak Pshedmeisky Tsevi, Rabbi

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