[Page 185 - Hebrew] [Page 64 - Yiddish]

Jacob Korn was born in Tysmienica on April 13, 1899. At the age of 8 he lost his father. His widowed mother was left with several young children. After he graduated from the Hirsch School, the Hirsch fund enabled him to go to Vienna to study iron construction as well as general studies. In 1916 he was drafted into the Austrian Army and he took part in the Austrian-Russian war. After the war, in 1918, he returned to Tysmienica. He joined the Zionist movement and occupied himself as well with welfare activities. After his wedding he began thinking of going to Israel. He fulfilled his dream in 1923.

In Israel, he worked at several jobs in the Jewish Agency and in various kibbutzim. In 1925 he volunteered in the Haganah and helped defend Tel Aviv from the Arab attacks. He later became a regular member of the Haganah. Starting in 1934 he was very active in the Arlosoroff fund which was designed to raise money for the Haganah. Arlosoroff was a prominent figure in the Socialist movement and he was the victim of a political assassination -- the first political assassination in Zionist history.

In the year 1937 he was very active in a company called Solel Bonai connected to the Jewish Agency and was involved in building British army bases in many settlements.. Later they became Israeli army bases. In 1939 he joined the Civilian Guard and recruited other Tel Aviv workers to the Jewish Brigade within the British Army. Due to his political activities he had to hide from the British authorities. He began working in the Ministry of Defense after the establishment of the state. As a citizen of Holon, he was the head of the overseeing committee of the local workers association. In 1955 he was very active in the fund that raised money from all the citizens of Israel to contribute to the army for the Sinai war. He raised a large sum of money and was invited to participate in the establishment of Jewish Nazareth. He was active in the establishment of the Haganah Museum in Tel Aviv and in the Haganah Naval Museum in Haifa.

In spite of his national activities he did not forget his home town. He was active in the organization called Elan for paralyzed children. His house was always open to every needy person both from his native town of Tysmienica and for all the people he knew. He helped many people settle in Israel. He died in Holon on January 4, 1972. In Upper Nazareth which is the Jewish Nazareth, there is a Square named Jacob Square as a memorial to his contributions to that community.
"Kikar Yaakov" In Nazerat Illit

[Page 201 - Hebrew] [Page 89 - Yiddish]

Zionist activity in Tysmienica was interrupted by the first world war and was renewed after the end of the war within an organization named after Dr. Theodore Herzl, but its activity was hindered by the battles between the Poles and the Ukrainians at first and later by the battles between the Poles and the Soviets. Zionist activity in fact began only in 1921 when all of the old and new members came together and elected a central management team. This group included Beryl Korn, Jacob Korn, and Yasio Sommer as secretary. This Zionist organization included about 100 men and women who gathered every evening to study Hebrew and to listen to lectures on Zionism and on Israeli history as well as other topics of interest to older Zionists. These topics included Jewish customs and folklore and political matters such as elections in the Jewish community, in the Polish legislature, and how to attend Zionist congresses.

[Page 204 - Hebrew] [Page 96 - Yiddish]

There were large -scale merchants as early as the 18^th century in the Jewish community in Tysmienica. We know they attended the industrial fairs in Wroclaw. We cannot be sure about the number of these merchants in those days but we do have some information about their numbers in later days from the population census. In 1910 there were 2,305 Jews in Tysmienica, 23.8% of the general population. Prior to the First World War, they worked in commerce and handcrafts, including wholesale commerce, the textile business, in iron works, food production, warehousing, sheepskin fabrication (a company owned by several partners including Moishe Korn, and Feivel Korn). They employed both Christian and Jewish workers. There was also a large exportation company and a big warehouse for wood construction in Tysmienica. Large oil tanks were held in a basement near the synagogues. Oil was very important in these times for providing illumination. Another important commercial endeavor was the preparation of wool for knitting that was then used by the rural population.

[Page 208 - Hebrew] [Page 102 - Yiddish]

After the First World War all of the Jewish industrial establishments had been burned and torn down. Most of the merchants, especially the rich ones, left the town and did not return. The economy was paralyzed. Raw materials were not available, and there was no demand for their products. The merchants had neither funds nor materials. This situation continued for several years after which time economic conditions improved and became more stable. Consequently, productive activities were renewed, but the heavy taxes imposed by the Polish government prevented them from flourishing. In addition, there was severe competition from the Polish cooperatives which were established in the rural areas. These cooperatives were purchasing products from the Polish peasants and selling them supplies they needed for their households. Yet, during that time the economy of the Jewish population was stabilized and the commerce in sheep-skins was renewed.

The Kreimitz family arrived in Tysmienica and bought the old buildings for fur manufacture, bought new machinery, and re-instituted the production of sheep-skins, employing about 70 employees, most of whom were Jewish.

Moshe Korn and his son Beryl who were also well-known in this profession began to produce fur products and employed many of the Tysmienica Jews. Merchants came to Tysmienica daily from all over Poland to buy the sheep-skins. Moshe Korn was known all over Poland for his fur products which he labeled "Zakopana furs." There was great demand for these furs all over the country. There was also an active charity fund in Tysmienica that lent money to merchants and to poor artisans, whose chairman was Beryl Korn.

[Page 210-214 - Hebrew] [Page 105-110 - Yiddish]

It is my duty to mention here those Jews who, with their talent, established the industrial infrastructure of the Jews of Tysmienica, and contributed to the economic development of the city until the outbreak of the Second World War. They met the same fate as the 6,000,000 Jews who were murdered by the Nazis.¹

1. The Textile Industry Sara Zamler and her son-in-law Leib Blond and his son Yosef Menashe Shtengel David Baron Pinchas Gottesman Shmuel Shafer Avraham Shtrik and his brother-in-law Yozef Miriam Gottesman Mottel Kook Monio Feier Gershon Korger 2. The Leather Industry Shimon Feder Gittel Lustig Mondzio Provizer David Feder Leizer Feder Mendel Kern Yosef and Chaika Lustig 3. The Fur Industry Moshe Korn Berel Korn Yozia Sommer Malka Kreinis (the widow of Yitzchak Kreinis) Binyamin Kreinis Chaim Kreinis 4. The Food Supply Industry Yaakov Shtim Israel and Moshe Shtim Rachel Shtim Yehoshua Ivanier Pinieh Shtim Shlomo and Yosef Fisher Yozef Mendel Roize Shrager (the widow of Brottman) Archie Flicker Feivish Stretiner Eli Ber Buchhalter Reuven Broit and his son-in-law Hirsch Binem Freidberg Shalom Baron Hirsch Baron Feivel Leiberman 5. The Haberdasher Industry Mendel Kern Aryeh Erlich Michel Markman Yitzchak Scheiner Monio Spiegel 6. The Iron Works Industry Baruch Oster Michel Greif Yaakov Greif Feivel Greif Yaakov Wachs Shlomo Lunenfeld 7. The Paint and Chemical Industry Zigmond Fisher 8. Lumber for Building and Fuel Yaakov Zeigler Hirsch Knoll Moshe Fistreich Yaakov Fistreich 9. The Earthenware Industry Necha Knopp Babe Berger (Babe Ganies) 10. The Wool Industry Eliezer Margolies Israel Margolies Wolf Margolies 11. Butchers Abner Kook Yitzchak Kook Ezriel Kook Moshe Pesach Zviren Bozio Zviren Zisie Meir Provizer Yosef Lustgarten Moshe Hifshman 12. Foul, Eggs, and Dairy Chaim Leibish Zinger Hirsch Leib Zinger Chana Bentzer Itzi Hutt Leon Halpern Hirsch Horowitz Nachum Fishman Avraham Shindler (the son-in-law of Chaitzke) Dvora Shnier 13. Plaster and Gypsum Avraham Zuckerkandel 14. Grain Merchants Avraham Sherf Moshe Sherf Avraham Zuckerkandel 15. The Horse Trade Eli Kook Shmuel Kook Avraham Wiener Chaim Silver and his sons Leib Fishbein Hirsch Kook Baruch Zviren 16. Middlemen Itzik Kook Yaakov Kook Michel Roth Leib Yosef Oster Hirsch Horowitz Zechariahu Knopp Leib Kader Yitzchak Scheiner Yaakov Diringer 17. Soda Water Producers Fidzche Krigel The brothers Avraham and Zeev Gaster 18. Cooking Oil Producers Avraham Kodish Itche Knopp Meir Zisie Provizer 19. Doctors and Dentists Dr. Reizler The son-in-law of Dr. Sheps Max Alweil (dentist) Hesie Fishbein (dentist) 20. Lawyers Dr. Fichman Dr. Weiroch Dr. Mann (a former magistrate) 21. Teachers2 Weizenfreund Mrs. Hefter Yaakov Fishbein Israel Udelsman 22. Pharmacists Goldberg 23. Restaurateurs Dora Sommer -- Shmuel Flicker Zukerberg Yaakov Scheiner Shachna Shtengel Sara Zand-Shtengel Yosef and Shia Saferon Babchie Shpond-Zwieback Anshel Rodner Leib Rizer and his son Yosef Teichberg by the train station 24. Tailors Leib Blond Leib Shalom Unger Chaim (Totke) Unger David Hager Kiva Lichtenstrahl Yaakov Tzichiner Osher Zilfinger Eliemelech Unger Leib Rubin Shlomo Evenstein Pinchas Gutenplan Berel Keler Shmuel Papik Yona Kern Eizik Meizeles (Chipchak) Leizer Shtengel Yosel Baal-Shem Meisels Two Diringer sisters 25. Shoemakers Avraham Zviren Aaron Goldberg Leizer Goldberg Leib Goldberg Chaim Ofer (from Botchich) David Weisberg 26. Carpenters Chaim Oster Leizer Adler 27. Barbers Menashe Shtengel Menashe Fishbein Paul Kerner Bonio Meser Zisie Keler Yaakov Zilber 28. Furriers Itzik Flicker (Divek) Berel Flicker Wolf Flicker Leib Yoel Flicker Chaim Flicker Natan Flicker Yitzchak Flicker Israel Flicker Hirsch Leib Flicker Mordechai Itzik Flicker Itzik Buchhalter Chaim Buchhalter Zalman Yosef Rottman Israel Rottman Aaron Shtengel Leibish Kern Hirsch Gleizer Kopel Rubin Leib Eichler (der Langer) Binyamin Eichler Gedaliahu Eichler Yortzia Dermer 29. Tinsmiths Yaakov Shrater Leib Elenberg Nota Safran Shmuel Evenstein Zaler Shtengel 30. Locksmiths Israel Zand Shlomo Flicker Efraim Stretiner Meir Ronder 31. Clockmakers Hirsh Fleser 32. Glassmakers Aryeh Erlich Lishe Erlich Mendel Erlich Feivel Brecher 33. Paper bag manufacturers Lubichke (Banah) 34. Bakers Yaakov Grach Israel Dolberg 35. Rope makers Leib Shames 36. Coachmen Israel Fishbein Fishel Rater Aaron Dichek Berel Henigsberg Leib (Fameh) Kook Zisie Keler Yosel Kutsher Chaim Fishbein 37. Clerks and Salespeople David Urman Babe Fafer Yona Fafer Eliahu Shevach Yosef Lerner Elza Knall Mrs. Weisenfreund (the notary) Hodieh Udelsman Natan Udelsman Chaya Knopp Mesie Kader Shmuel Keler (of the town council) David Petlora Auerbach (in agriculture) Berish Laftash (worked in a warehouse) Meir Kamerling Tzvi (Hirsch) Lustig Fisieh Lustgarten Meisels Shlomo (Chipchak) 38. Miscellaneous Moshe Udelsman Chana Shisel Baruch Zeman Hefter Gittel Lustgarten Sheindel Evenstein Roza Kook Rachel Freda Merker Nechama Grab Weisenfreund Dvora Marder

"Yad Charutzim"

In 1928, a union of "Yad Charutzim"³ was established in our city. It was founded by Yitzchak Buchhalter, Leib Shalom Unger, Avraham Zviren and Yaakov Zeichner. Avrahamche Zviren was chosen as the chairman. The union concerned itself with the affairs of the Jewish workmen in Tysmienica in their relations with the city and the community, and conducted itself in a socialist fashion. The union was under the influence of "Hitachdut" and its members participated in Zionist activities.

Translator's Footnotes

1. I translated these names from the Hebrew text. In some cases, the Yiddish names are slightly different. For example, in the Yiddish version of the lists, Yiddish equivalents of Hebrew names may be given (e.g. Zeev -- Wolf). In some cases either the Yiddish text may have some additional information that the Hebrew text does not. I made an attempt to incorporate such information.
2. 21 and 22 are interchanged in the Yiddish.
3. The organization of the diligent ones.

[Page 220 - Hebrew] [Page 116 - Yiddish]

The Soviet Army left Tysmienica in the second half of July, 1941 whereupon the Hungarian Army entered but did not harm the Jews. They only asked the Jews to wear yellow stripes on their arms and to obey all the working orders. They also brought Hungarian Jews who had Polish nationality to Tysmienica, and the Tysmienica Jews shared with them the few things they had. As a result the population of Jews in Tysmienica increased. But soon an order came that all the Hungarian Jews were to be transferred to Stanislawow. The transport was undertaken by Jewish horse and wagon drivers. No one ever returned from Stanislawow – neither the Hungarians nor the drivers.

Then the Germans arrived along the head of the Gestapo from Stanislawow who ordered the Jews to wear white stripes with blue star of David insignia on their left arms. All Jews aged eight and above were obliged to wear these stripes. They appointed Jacob Ziegler as a Judge of the Jews. The also established Jewish police and they appointed Eliahu Bar Buchhalter as the head of the police. About 30 Jews were deported to Stanislawow and were never seen again. On October 12, 1941, there was a huge killing of Jews in Stanislawow. This murder included a number of Jews from Tysmienica. Then the ghetto in Tysmienica was established just before Pesach of 1941, and its area was 300 meters by 350 meters. All the Jews still living in Tysmienica were forced to move into that ghetto. The Judge of the Jews determined how much food there would be for each family according to the number of children, and which Jews would go to compulsory work. Some Jews smuggled food into the ghetto. Sanitary conditions were very poor in the ghetto and there was a great deal of sickness, especially dysentery. There was a small hospital, and a Jewish doctor who lived in a pharmacy outside the ghetto gave medical assistance as was possible. But many people in the ghetto died daily from dysentery.

Some Jewish families who owned agricultural land outside the town were allowed to live on their farms and they smuggled food into the ghetto during the nights. The ghetto was liquidated in August, 1942. The ghetto had been in existence for barely one year. Some Jews were able to escape and they succeeded in reaching the ghetto in Klomatz. A surviving witness commented that after the liquidation of the Tysmienica ghetto about 30 Jews survived who were living in one house. Among them were Beryl Korn and Yazio Sommer. One day they were all taken to Stanlslawow but it is not known what happened to them.

Another witness believed that since he was in the fur business he could stay alive because the Gestapo required these professions. But after the liquidation of the Tysmienica ghetto all of these people were transferred from Tysmienica to Stanlslawow and were held in prison where they established a shop for making fur gloves. They were working under guard and this witness managed to escape. He was hidden by some very honest Polish people who built him a bunker in the nearby forest. He was given food and all his needs were supplied. This witness stayed in the bunker until the German occupation in Poland was ended. But after the war he was killed by a Russian soldier on his way to Wroclaw.

Another Ukrainian citizen said that after the liberation he lived near the Jewish cemetery in Tysmienica. He had seen the Germans bringing the Jews of Tysmienica there in groups and shooting them. Once he was in his field near the cemetery and he saw them being executed. He recognized a number is Jewish people that he knew. When the Jews were brought to the cemetery they had to take off all their clothes and were shot one by one. One young woman was forced to stand for hours in front of the Gestapo and to witness this horrible spectacle. After everyone else was killed, they killed her. Thus ended the Tysmienica Jewish community, its rabbis, its Hassidim, its scholars, authors, and scientists. The community had been famous for its great merchants and great professionals.

[Page 228-229 - Hebrew] [Page 132-133 - Yiddish]

Tysmienica natives who immigrated to Palestine between the two world wars

1. Wili Adler 2. Shaul Bader 3. Pepchie Bernfeld 4. Dr. Karel Bernfeld 5. Tonka Binstack (Lesberg) 6. Mordechal Gelert (Matia Grab) (x) 7. Shlomo Golan (Gottesman) 8. Zonia Gelert (Udelsman) 9. Mordechai Weiss (x) 10. Shmuel Weiss (x) 11. Sara Weiss (Korn) (x) 12. Rozia Litman (Weiss) (x) 13. Chana Liblin (Bader) 14. Natan Lister 15. Zisie Leister 16. Yosef Merfeld (x) 17. Fishel Parish (x) 18. Pesachyahu Fisher 19. Yozek Feier (x) 20. Giza Bir (Zeman) 21. Dr. Gizele Feier 22. Sironia Feier 23. Rozia Chechkes (Bernfeld) 24. Yaakov Korn (x) 25. Shaul Knaper 26. Bela Ramrez (Evenstein) 27. Genia Shutz (Lerner) (x) 28. Leib Streit 29. Pepi Eichler

Tysmienica natives who immigrated to Israel after the Second World War

1. Shlomo Blond 2. Pnina Blond 3. Leizer Goldberg (x) 4. Berel Goldberg 5. Feiga Reichman (Shtangel) 6. Shmuel Haut 7. Yaakov Zilber 8. Fridel Leister 9. Dora Lautman (Gishe) 10. Itta Markovitz (Kreinis) 11. Nemet (daughter of Baruch Zviren) 12. Fishel Fishbein (Boitchik) 13. Kitzieh Fishbein 14. Kalman Flicker 15. Rachel Feiler (Kook) 16. Yozek Fisher 17. Israel Feicher 18. Finkelstein (son of Itzia Zelig) 19. Malka Kreinis (x) 20. Dorka Kreinis 21. Shmuel Kook 22. Yehudit Kook (Shisel) (x) 23. Sender Krum (Horowitz) 24. Eliahu Kook (x) 25. Dvora Kook 26. Leib Kook 27. Bonio Kook 28. Baruch Keler 29. Leib Keler 30. Moshe Rubin 31. Chana Strubauer (Fishbein) 32. Sara Strubauer (Zilflinger) 33. Chava (Eva) Kreinis

Tysmienica natives who live in the Soviet Union

1. Moshe Oster 2. Manes Wiener 3. Hirsch (Tzvi) Treter (Fleser) 4. Lipa (Teichberg) 5. Two sons of Feicher the barber 6. Hanoch Fishbein 7. Yone Fleser 8. Leib Shrager 9. Gisha (the youngest daughter of Altau Gisha) Tysmienica natives who remained in Poland 1. Yaakov Fishbein 2. Minchieh Fishbein (x) 3. Dora Fleser

Tysmienica natives who live in England

1. Mendel Flicker 2. Aaron Ronder

Tysmienica natives who immigrated to America

1. Chaya Gittel Birenbaum (Rottman) 2. Hirsch Gleizer (Fishbein) 3. Dora Gleizer (Wiener) 4. Hirsch Lichtenstrahl 5. Nita Fichman (the widow of Dr. Fichman) 6. Meir Flicker (the son of Nathan) 7. Zinia Wagenberg (Kreinis) 8. Nancy Rottman (Shrater) 9. Panke Steinmetz (Kader) 10. Dolek Shtim 11. Israel Shprechman (x) 12. Lottie Blond (Shprechman) 13. Max Shtim (x)

 

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