« Previous Page Table of Contents Next Page »

[Page 180]

Chapter VIII

Płaszów Concentration Camp

 

now180.jpg
The Płaszów labor and later concentration camp were located in the Podgorze district near the city of Krakow

 

Płaszów was in the Podgorze district of Krakow, Poland, 10 kilometers from the center of the city. The place was made famous by Steven Spielberg in the movie “Schindler's List”. The Płaszów camp started in the summer of 1940 when the German occupation authorities set up in the area a forced–labor camp for the Polish prisoners of war. In March 1941, the Jews in the Krakow area were put into a walled ghetto in Podgorze. It is estimated that between 60,000 and 80,000 people were squeezed into the small area. Krakow had an old and influential Jewish community that was well established in the historical Polish city. Jews were constantly sent from Krakow or Podgorze to the Płaszów camp where the attrition rate was extremely high.

 

now181.jpg
The Płaszów labor camp where Jewish workers were forced to work in the quarry
(Yad Vashem archives)

 

In February 1943, Amon Goeth was appointed commandant of the Płaszów concentration camp. Shortly thereafter, on March 13–14, 1943, he supervised the bestial liquidation of the ghetto of Podgorze. All the Jews of the ghetto of Podgorze were selected. Those fit to work were sent to Płaszów and the rest were sent to the death camp of Auschwitz or were shot on the spot. Prior to the arrival of the mass of Jews of Podgorze, Płaszów had about 2,000 inmates, all Jews. The population rose to 8,000 inmates with the destruction of the ghetto of Podgorze. In July 1943, a separate section was fenced off for Polish prisoners who were sent to the camp for breaking the laws of the German occupation government. Polish prisoners served their sentences and were then released from the prison. The Jews remained in the camp indefinitely. Many Jews were sent on to the Auschwitz concentration camp, only 60 kilometers southwest of Krakow.

Płaszów could easily compare with Auschwitz and Majdanek in their deadly beatings, punishments and killings. At its peak capacity the Płaszów camp contained 25,000 inmates at one time: men, women, and children. About 150,000 people were imprisoned in Płaszów, among them Jews, Hungarians, Poles and Gypsies, Czechs, Frenchmen and Belgians. They were subjected to inhumane treatment, hellish living conditions, diseases, starvation, grueling slave labor, frequent beatings, and torture, and many fell victim to brutal killings. More than 80,000 of the Płaszów inmates died before the end of World War II, most in the gas chambers of Auschwitz–Birkenau. With the approach of the Soviet armies, the inmates were transported to other camps. The concentration camp itself was being dismantled brick by brick. Even the mass graves were exhumed and burnt to ashes. The last transport left Płaszów on January 14, 1945. Several days later, the Soviet Army entered to an empty place called the Concentration Camp of Płaszów.

In March of 1944 I was taken from Pustków with a few other Jewish skilled workers and sent to the Płaszów concentration camp near Krakow. We were not permitted to take anything with us except for a towel. We arrived at Płaszów and were directed to the bathhouse by the Jewish police in the camp. We emerged from the shower and were told to wait at a nearby grass mall. Meanwhile a transport of Jews arrived from the Bochnia labor camp that was being liquidated. The group in effect closed the camp. They all had backpacks and suitcases stuffed with a variety of foods. They too had to go to the bathhouse and, of course, had to leave their luggage outside. While they were bathing, the Jewish police ordered us to take all the belongings and move them to a small side hut that served the Jewish police as a warehouse and a detention hall until the arrivals were assigned to their barracks. The Jewish police ordered us to clear the area and place everything in the warehouse and ordered us to enter the isolation area and to stay put. While lugging the luggage we soon smelled the odors of foods like salami emerging from the luggage. We soon located the foods and removed them from the luggage. We ate the food like salamis, breads and other goods that were removed. The Jewish police spotted our feast. The police ordered us out of the isolation room and made us run several times around the area. Several days later, we were assigned to barracks. The barrack consisted of three–tier bunk beds. The food was skimpy and I was hungry. Of course, there were roll calls and formations. Then I was ordered to report to the tool shed. I was given a wheelbarrow and my job consisted of transporting sand. I dug the sand in the area of the Jewish cemetery. Frequently, I found bones or skeletons while digging for sand that was then transported to the villa of Amon Goeth, camp commandant of Płaszów. The sand was spread all around his place. Luck had it that he was still asleep when we spread the sand. I then walked to the kitchen where I met a Nowy Sacz acquaintance named Lew who was a tailor that used to live next to our family in Sandz. He worked at the Madritsch factory that produced uniforms for the German army and the workers there received plenty of food. He gave me a loaf of bread, a heavenly gift in Płaszów at the time.

At the end of 1940, Julius Madritsch, a native of Austria, was able to open a sewing factory in Kraków that employed about 800 Jews and Poles with 300 sewing machines that made clothing for the German army. Madritsch gained a reputation as a good man who treated his Jewish workers well; he was “wonderful” to his Jews. Madritsch saved the lives of thousands of Jews and also sought to make their lives more bearable. He employed many workers with no professional experience or training. Together with his factory manager, Raimund Titsch, he provided humane and comfortable working conditions. Every worker was well fed and received at the end of the day a loaf of bread. Jews were allowed to make contact with Poles outside the factory. The factory kitchens fed more than a thousand Jewish workers with food. A good part of the food was bought on the black market since the food rations for forced workers were abysmally low. Of course, the workers did not get paid since the S.S. received all salaries. So there was an extensive machinery whereby Madritsch managed to deflect large sums of money and buy food and bread

 

now182.jpg
Julius Madritsch, owner of the Madritsch factories

 

for his workers. Thus Lew was able to give Lustig bread.

I ate the bread slowly and when it was finished, I was hungry again. I even raided the dump where the meat bones from the kitchen were tossed and grabbed a bone to suck on it. One day while collecting paper and loading it on a truck, I met an old friend named Samek Teitelbaum from Sandz who later became Samuel Bar Ilan in Israel. One morning, he awakened me and told me to follow him. I joined a small group of workers who boarded a German military truck that headed within the camp to a warehouse that contained all the goods that were left by the Jews when the ghetto of Płaszów was liquidated. Mostly women sorted the goods at the warehouse. We were told to take a few sacks of clothing for the Schindler camp.

 

now183.jpg
Oskar Schindler

 

I had no bag so I took a backpack and filled it with undergarments, shirts, pants and whatever I could lay my hands on. I took as much as I could and we headed to the truck that took us to the Schindler camp.

 

now184.jpg
Entrance to the Schindler factory in Krakow

 

The Schindler Jews at first lived in the Płaszów camp and walked 2.5 kilometers to and from Schindler's enamelware factory each day. The factory was in an ordinary–looking, modern, but dreary building in Krakow. Then Schindler bribed Płaszów Commandant Amon Goeth to let his workers move into barracks which he built in the courtyard of the factory. Schindler himself lived in a nondescript gray apartment building close to his factory. There were many small sub–camps, such as the Schindler factory, in the Nazi labor camp system, but none where the prisoners were so well treated. The Nazis provided food for the Schindler Jews, but Schindler supplemented the food rations through black market purchases of food.

Schindler was a Czech of the Sudetenland. He worked for the German secret service and was a member of the Nazi Party in Germany. He was a good

man and helped save Jews like myself by providing us with jobs. The job gave me food and a certain amount of security. When I arrived at the Schindler camp I was assigned to a barrack. In the morning at the roll call I was assigned a job. The barracks consisted of long rows of double tiers where we slept. The food was good. Around the camp there were guard towers where the Ukrainian S.S. men observed the camp. The camp looked like any German concentration camp. The camp was actually called the Zablocie Camp in Krakow. In the camp there were Jewish policemen and policewomen, several group leaders and several kapos. Every day there were two roll calls: morning and evening. Schindler or rather his right hand man Itzhak Stern operated two factories in the camp; one produced all sorts of enamel pots and pans and the other plant produced all kinds of metal products, including hand grenades for the German army. The latter section had huge metal machines. German engineers worked together with Polish and Jewish workers. The Polish workers were regular salaried workers while the Jewish workers were forced workers. I was assigned to the metal factory but my real job was to transport the various finished ammunition parts from place to place in a wheelbarrow. When the press stamped the hollow hand grenade, it was filled with explosive material. I wheeled the filled hand grenades to a special furnace that sealed the grenades. When the grenades cooled down, I wheeled them to the enamel section where several female workers dunked the grenades into special tubs filled with chemicals. The girls sang Polish songs and the atmosphere was very pleasant. Among the girls was Lola Oppenheimer from Wieliczka near Sandz. The section chief was Lazar and the section was called Bounder. One day I was called to the office and tattooed with the letters KZ or concentration camp in German.

Next to the factory was the Zarna house that contained the bakery that provided the Schindler camp with bread. I had plenty of bread and also received very good soups that sometimes contained pieces of salami. I ate well at the Schindler camp. On occasion, I traded with Poles some of the clothing items that I took at the sorting place. The Poles brought chocolate, bacon, salami and other good foods for my clothing. Thus, I was able to enrich my food intake and accumulate more strength for the days to come. We also received money, medicines and food packages from an organization called J.S.S. that was financed by Swiss and American Jews.

 

now185.jpg
A sketch of the Schindler camp in Krakow as drawn by Mordechai Lustig in March of 1944. Below are the descriptions of the numbers

No. Detail
1 The entrance to the camp
2 Schindler's residence
3 Camp guards
4 Hand grenade factory
5 Laboratory
6 Enamel factory
7 New factory being built
8 Coating factory
10 Watch towers
11 Official residences
12 Women's barrack
13 Men's barrack
14 S.S. barrack, mostly Ukrainians
15 Camp offices
16 Warehouses
17 Roll Call place
18 Garbage and coal hips
19 Street adjuring entrance to the camp
20 Narrow gage railroad

The camp contained about 900 male Jewish Jews and 150 women in March 1944. Their quarters were separated
.

 

The J.S.S. or the Jewish Self Help organization was created by the Polish Joint organization when Germany declared war against the United States. The Joint or JDC offices were closed in Poland December 21, 1941.The Joint foresaw these events and created the J.S.S. organization to step in when needed. With the closure of the Joint, the J.S.S. organization began to help the various Jewish social organizations. Most of the J.S.S. officials were former Joint officials, such as Dr.Michal Weichert. He worked under the watchful eyes of the S.S. and Gestapo. The J.S.S. helped many Jewish communities with money and food. Soon, the Germans forced Weichert to concentrate in the General Government areas of Poland or Galicia. He remained in Krakow and helped the remaining Jewish communities ,,and some concentration camps, notably Płaszów, with needed medical and nutritional foods that Lustig enjoyed.

Schindler treated us Jews like human beings. Prior to the war, he was a tractor salesman and, as such, the Germans sent him to Poland following the Sudetenland annexation to Germany. His official job was to sell tractors in Poland but his real job was to provide Germany with the military capabilities of the Polish army. He gave very good information and Poland was soon defeated. Schindler returned to Krakow and began to look for factories. The Germans gave him the enamel factory that produced pots and pans. Itzhak Stern helped Schindler to run the business. The factory was originally Jewish. Schindler was very shrewd. When he received the factory, he also began to produce hand grenades for the German army. The production of grenades gave him a perfect entrance to the German weapon industry. He also sold pots to the German army. A sizable part of his civilian production was sold on the black market that enabled him to buy the needed foodstuff for his workers. Schindler loved money, diamonds, alcohol, pretty women and cards. In Plaszow everybody knew that when one got a job at Schindler that meant a ticket to live.

At the Schindler factory I met former Sandzer Jews such as Nechemia Sheingot, Romek Gut Hollander, Motchie Bluzenstein, Baruch Hersh Unger, Benyamin Hausenshtock. On several occasions Schindler himself came to the kitchen to inspect the food and spoke with some of the workers. Schindler was a close friend of the sadist Amon Goeth who killed forced laborers at the slightest pretext. Schindler and Goeth drank and played cards together and were very cordial to each other. Thanks to this relationship Schindler managed to save Jewish lives.

 

Schindler List of 1944

The list was compiled in March 1944, according to Mordechai Lustig, who is on the list under the name of Markus Lustig but was later removed and sent to Mauthausen with another group of Schindler workers. The list was taken from Krakow to Budapest and then to Turkey. It finally reached Palestine and was printed in the Hebrew newspaper “Davar” on September 9, 1944. The item was printed without a byline but apparently was reliable enough to be printed in an important daily. The list was divided into three sections that represented Schindler's enterprise:

A – main labor camp
B – women's camp
C – radiator plant

Last Name First Name Birth Year Gender Section
ADLER Yossef 1906 M A
AFTERGUT Berta 1916 F B
AMFANG Peretz 1923 M C
AMSTER Isaac 1896 M A
AMSTER Ziegfried 1921 M A
AMSTERDAM Hirsh 1921 M A
AMT Rachel 1920 F B
ANDER Markus 1923 M A
ANDER Lazar 1896 M A
APPFEL Friedrich 1917 M A
APPFEL Gisella 1921 F B
ARBETSMAN Bruno 1928 M A
ARMER Yaakow 1903 M A
ASPITETZ Joseph 1908 M C
AUERBACH Henryk 1911 M A
AUERBACH Salomon 1925 M A
AUERBACH Sara 1919 F B
AWRACHMER Yossef 1922 M A
AWRACHMER Jacob 1918 M C
AWRAMTCHIK Yehoshua 1917 M A
BADER Ceasar 1897 M C
BADER Chaim 1921 M C
BAGLEITER Stefan 1925 M A
BALSAM Salmon 1903 M A
BAMKIR Meir 1917 M A
BAMKIR Awraham 1895 M A
BAMKIR Awraham 1910 M A
BANACH Lola 1908 F B
BAUMAN Jacob 1897 M C
BAYAR Yossef 1920 M A
BEIN Zisa 1928 M A
BEIN Solomon 1927 M A
BEK Kuba 1922 M A
BENECH Salomon 1922 M A
BENECH Shmuel 1927 M A
BENET Edward 1919 M C
BERG Awraham 1904 M A
BERGER Isidor 1909 M A
BERGER Moshe 1919 M A
BERGER Alter 1924 M C
BERGILSON Mendel 1922 M C
BERGMAN ? 1911 M A
BERHANG Elka 1915 F B
BERINAUM Chaim 1914 M C
BERINAUM Isaac 1921 M C
BERNSTEIN Dawid 1922 M A
BERNSTEIN Chana Malk 1919 F B
BERNSTEIN Golda 1921 F B
BET Hersh 1912 M A
BEWOT Eliezar 1895 M C
BEYER Yossef 1909 M A
BIATEWAROWA ? 1929 M A
BIGEIER Rachel 1918 F B
BINTCH Awraham 1898 M A
BIRENBAUM ? 1904 F B
BIRMAN Itzhak 1906 M A
BITERMAN Meir 1912 M A
BLASSBERG Maximilia 1875 M A
BLAT Asher 1923 M A
BLAT Michael 1907 M A
BLINDERMAN Rudolph 1912 M C
BLITZKI Awraham 1903 M A
BLUFIDER Yaacow 1909 M A
BLUMBERG Melech 1895 M A
BLUMBERG Shimon 1927 M A
BLUMENSTOCK Meir 1923 M A
BLUMENSTOCK Shimon 1910 M A
BLUSENSTEIN Henryk 1925 M A
BOGIR Ester Reisel 1902 F B
BORENSTEIN Ozer 1907 M A
BORENSTEIN Basha 1926 F B
BRAHANG Slo 1916 M A
BRAND Meir 1924 M A
BRAND Awraham 1900 M A
BRAND Maximilian 1921 M A
BRANDMAYER ? 1924 M C
BRANDSTATER Asher 1925 M C
BRATKIWICZ Hersh 1910 M A
BRATKIWICZ Natan 1911 M A
BRECHNER Rudolph 1901 M A
BRECHNER Gali 1908 F B
BRENER Adolph 1892 M A
BRENER Moshe 1923 M A
BRENER Raphael 1914 M A
BRENER Eta 1910 F B
BRENGER Baruch 1906 M A
BRENGER Yossef 1922 M A
BRUDER Henryk 1909 M A
BRUDER Mrkus 1921 M A
BRUDERMAN Chaim 1911 M A
BRULARD Adolph 1896 M A
BRUNHEIM Yechazkel 1921 M A
BRUNNENBER Helina 1926 F B
BUKIT Alter Simon 1918 M C
BUKSBAUM Yakow 1921 M A
BUKSBAUM Elma 1917 F B
BURSTEIN Fishel 1910 M A
BZESKA Cila 1924 F B
CHMILEWSKI Modik 1908 M A
CHMILEWSKI Feivel 1914 M A
CHMILEWSKI Yakow 1904 M A
CINDER Maritz 1907 M A
COHEN Beryl 1914 M A
COHEN Yochin 1897 M C
CZERWOMIGDA Chaim 1916 M A
CZERWONIGOD Dawid 1918 M A
DANTZIG Hersh 1909 M A
DANTZIG Berta 1915 F B
DANTZIG Chaya 1885 F B
DANTZIG Sara 1907 F B
DANTZIGER Jerzik 1907 M A
DAWID Salomon 1895 M A
DEMBINSKI Markus 1925 M C
DEMBITZER Theodoer 1897 M A
DEMBITZER Sara 1896 F B
DIAMANT Shaya 1902 M A
DIAMANT Oscar 1905 M A
DIAMANT Hendel 1893 M A
DJUBAS Dawid 1910 M A
DOMINIK Shimon 1925 M A
DORENSTEIN Leo 1919 M C
DORTHEIMER Awigdor 1918 M A
DREIER Seril 1925 F C
DREKSLER Elizsz 1905 M A
DRENGER Dawid 1910 M A
DRESSLER Shimon 1927 M A
DRESSNER Major 1918 M C
DRUBIASZ Shhlomo 1922 M A
DUGAN Leopold 1921 M A
DULAUER Anna 1922 F B
EINSHITZ Fishel 1920 M A
EISENBERG Awraham 1905 M A
EISENBERG Itzik 1909 M C
EISENFELD Chaim 1908 M A
EISENFELD Lemel 1913 M A
EISENFELD Moshe 1910 M A
EISENFELD Reuven 1918 M A
EISENMAN Itzhak 1895 M A
ENGLANDER Awraham 1927 M A
ENGLANDER Henoch 1915 M C
ENOCH Mairitz 1891 M A
EPSTEIN Israel 1896 M A
EPSTEIN Awraham 1921 M C
EPSTEIN Shabsi 1905 M C
EPSTEIN Israel 1896 M C
ERLICH Manashe 1919 M A
ESSIG Michael 1913 M A
ESSIG Moshe 1917 M A
FACHNER Suzman 1897 M C
FACHNER Wolf 1928 M C
FARBER Arieh 1876 M A
FARBER Julian 1893 M A
FARBER Yossef 1925 M A
FARBER Hirsh 1910 M A
FARBER Oskar 1905 M A
FARBER Irena 1922 F B
FARBER Mieczyslaw 1925 M C
FARTIG Gustawa 1921 F B
FAUST Joseph 1896 M C
FEIGENBAUM Simha 1911 M A
FEIGENBAUM Melech 1923 M C
FEIGENBLAT Kalman 1905 M C
FELDMAN Lola 1922 F B
FELDMAN Roza 1922 F B
FELDSTEIN Wolf 1923 M A
FELDSTEIN Joseph 1894 M C
FELLER Rina 1920 F B
FELLER Sara 1918 F B
FELLER Lisa 1912 F C
FENNER Chaim 1924 M A
FEUEREISEN Ludwig 1922 M A
FEUERKRIZEN Leonara 1924 F B
FIDA Eisisk 1921 M A
FIDA Salomon 1925 M A
FILER Salmon 1914 M C
FILER Melech 1925 M C
FILER Samuel 1921 M C
FILLER Hezkel 1926 M A
FINGERLET Itzik 1903 M C
FINKELHAUSE Monik 1923 M A
FINKELHOLTZ Eliyahu 1923 M A
FIOLDICZ Alter 1900 M C
FIOLDICZ Aaron 1926 M C
FISHEL Issachar 1914 M A
FISHEL Mendel 1923 M A
FISHGROUND Leopold 1901 M A
FISHGRUND Eliyahu 1907 M A
FLEISHER Natan 1915 M A
FLICK Markus 1900 M A
FLINDER Fela 1909 F B
FLORENTZ Ben Tzion 1914 M A
FLRK Norbert 1906 M C
FORRER Chaim Jjaco 1921 M C
FORRESTER Dawid 1914 M C
FRANKEL Moses 1911 M C
FRANKEL Eliasz 1905 M C
FRANS Israel 1915 M C
FRANTZOIZ Fishel 1923 M C
FRAUDLICH Hizik 1923 M C
FRAUMAN Joseph 1912 M C
FREI Moshe 1925 M A
FREI Wolf 1889 M A
FREI Cecilia 1921 F B
FREUND Yakow 1921 M A
FREUNDER Mordechai 1916 M A
FRIDNER Yoachim 1924 M C
FRIED Adolph 1899 M A
FRIEDMAN Bernard 1925 M A
FRIEDMAN Ignac 1917 M A
FRIEDMAN Leon Shmu 1909 M A
FRIEDMAN Shmuel 1899 M A
FRIEDMAN Libel 1897 M A
FRIEDRICH Awraham 1918 M A
FRIEDRICH Henoch 1893 M A
FRIMAN Leib 1906 M A
FUCHS Awraham 1926 M A
FUCHS Dawid 1924 M A
FUHRER Yakow 1922 M A
GARDA Adam 1913 M A
GARDA Mieczislaw 1921 M A
GARDA Itzhak 1897 M A
GARDA Mira 1898 F B
GARFINKEL Yakow 1909 M A
GARTEL Alexander 1920 M A
GARTNER Jonasz 1927 M C
GASSNER Yossef 1925 M A
GELLER Moti 1908 M A
GELLER Anna 1910 F B
GEMINER Ephraim 1898 M C
GERBER Leizer Chai 1904 M A
GERDA 1918 F B
GERSHENEWIT Yossef 1902 M A
GERSTENER Leib 1912 M A
GERSTENFELD Reuven 1912 M A
GESUNDHEIT Leib 1919 M C
GETZLER Philip 1922 M A
GETZLER Ida 1913 F B
GITMAN Awraham 1896 M C
GITMAN Moses 1922 M C
GITMAN Natan 1925 M C
GJIB Salomon 1924 M A
GLASS Joseph 1890 M C
GLAZER Izhak 1918 M A
GLITMAN Osher 1905 M C
GLITZENSTEIN Avraham 1915 M A
GOLDBERG Herman 1895 M A
GOLDBERG Moshe 1924 M A
GOLDBERG Shmuel 1906 M A
GOLDBERG Joshua 1903 M C
GOLDBERG Kalman 1923 M A
GOLDBLUM Yehiel 1910 M A
GOLDFINGER Lazar 1921 M A
GOLDFINGER Bernard 1922 M A
GOLDKORN Chaim 1912 M A
GOLDKORN Mendel 1914 M A
GOLDKORN Moshe 1909 M A
GOLDLUST Maximalian 1923 M A
GOLDSTEIN Mauricy 1902 M A
GOLDSTEIN Bernard 1918 M A
GOLDSTEIN Ludwig 1926 M A
GOLDSTEIN Sami 1920 M A
GOLDSTEIN Shmuel 1898 M A
GOLDWASSER Michael 1911 M A
GOTEL Daniel 1916 M A
GOTHERTZ Henryk 1926 M A
GOTHERTZ Yossef 1921 M A
GOTTLIEB Maks 1924 M A
GOTTLIEB Naphtali 1927 M C
GOWISH Itzhak 1910 M A
GRAUER Wilhelm 1914 M A
GRAUER Yossef 1902 M A
GREENBERG Adolph 1912 M A
GREINHAUT Bernard 1927 M A
GRENER Idla 1893 F B
GRENER Pola 1921 F B
GRINBAUM Ben Tzion 1914 M A
GRINBERG Leonara 1919 F B
GRINSHPAN Henryk 1919 M A
GRINSHPAN Natan 1897 M A
GRINSHPAN Ziegfried 1906 M A
GROS Naphtali 1899 M A
GROSSBART Alexander 1911 M A
GROSSBART Yossef 1907 M A
GROSSER Moshe 1924 M A
GROSSER Benyamin 1893 M A
GROSSFELD Itzhak 1920 M A
GRUBEL Awraham 1900 M A
GRUBEL Naphtali 1910 M A
GRUBEL Lieibush 1923 M A
GRUBNER Yossef 1907 M A
GRUNER Gusta 1900 F B
GRUNER Hirsak Dawi 1905 M C
GRUNER Jacob 1928 M C
GUT Awraham 1924 M A
GUTENBERG Mendel 1913 M C
GUTHERTZ Augusta 1897 F B
GUTMAN Adolph 1919 M A
HAAR Isaak 1925 M A
HABER Israel 1900 M A
HALBERSHTAM Moses 1908 M A
HALPERN Edward 1925 M A
HALPERN Chaskel 1922 M A
HARTMAN Ferdinand 1917 M A
HARTMAN Salomon 1920 M A
HEBESTOCK Machmia 1898 F C
HECHT Zygmunt 1926 M A
HEFTER Ceasar 1926 M C
HEILINGER Julius 1922 M A
HELFSTEIN Joel 1907 M C
HELLER Salmon 1899 M C
HENECH Yakowherm 1920 M A
HERBST Yossef 1928 M A
HERMAN Bernard 1924 M A
HERRENDORF Elisa 1911 F C
HERSCHLAG Shmul 1905 M A
HERSCHLAG Israel 1923 M A
HERSHKOWITZ Yakow Itzik 1912 M A
HERSHLOWITZ Motek 1909 M A
HERTHEIMER Helena 1922 F B
HERTZOG Gershon 1912 M C
HILFSTEIN Chaim 1886 M A
HILMAN Henryk 1926 M A
HIRSH Ypssek 1922 M A
HIRSHFELD Shmuel 1919 M A
HIRSHFELD Pola 1921 F B
HIRSHPRUNG Itzik 1909 M C
HIRSHPRUNG Mauritz 1924 M C
HIRSHPRUNG Adolph 1923 M C
HIRSHPRUNG Awraham 1911 M C
HIRSHPRUNG Natan 1906 M C
HITLINGER Salomon 1912 M A
HOFFMAN Chaim Leib 1904 M A
HOFFMAN Yossef 1920 M A
HOFSTATETR Yossef 1909 M A
HOLLANDER Emanuel 1915 M A
HONIG Meir 1902 M A
HONIG Shmuel 1901 M A
HONIG Chana Malk 1902 F B
HOROWITZ Dawid 1906 M A
HOROWITZ Shachne 1888 M A
HOROWITZ Anshel 1925 M A
HOROWITZ Itzik 1911 M A
HOROWITZ Wolf 1898 M A
HOROWITZ Moses 1904 M A
HOROWITZ Nina 1911 F B
HOROWITZ Roma 1912 F B
HOROWITZ Lara 1888 F B
HOSTOCK Benyamin 1922 M C
HOTZIG Awraham 1920 M A
HUGMAN Shlomo 1912 M A
HUPER Marian 1925 M A
IMERGLICK Chana Malk 1902 F B
INTIN Joseph 1916 M C
INTIN Zolek 1915 M C
ISRAELI Hela 1910 F B
IZOWITZ Sala 1911 F B
JAKUBOWITZ Irene 1923 F B
JESSKILL Awraham 1908 M C
JODA Awraham 1910 M C
KAN Sacha 1914 M C
KANAREK Eliasz 1906 M A
KAPLANER Chaim 1925 M A
KASHIBO Shmuel 1914 M A
KASSLER Mauritz 1902 M A
KATOLIC Cila 1914 F B
KATZ Yehiel 1926 M A
KATZ Awraham 1906 M C
KATZ Moniek 1906 M C
KAUFMAN Adolph 1911 M A
KAUFMAN Shimon 1922 M A
KAUFMAN Helina 1919 F B
KENIGSBER Anna 1890 F B
KEREN Shiya 1906 M A
KEREN Sala 1904 F B
KEZZ Mauritz 1904 M C
KIBTATZ Fredel 1921 F B
KIHAN Helena 1922 F B
KIRSCHNER Shmuel 1908 M A
KIRSCHNER Artur 1915 M C
KLAGBRUN ? 1918 M C
KLASSNER Joseph 1928 M C
KLEIN Salomon 1918 M A
KLEIN Meir 1924 M A
KLEIN Hillel 1928 M C
KLEINER Chaim 1907 M C
KLEINER Natan 1924 M C
KLEINZELLER Mendel 1910 M A
KLIMAN Zygmunt 1913 M A
KLINGER Henryk 1904 M A
KLINGER Sara 1911 F B
KLOTZ Slomon 1912 M A
KLUGGER Salomon 1901 M A
KNOBLER Moshe 1922 M A
KONA Monik 1922 M A
KOPITU Moses 1898 M A
KORBER Leker Lif 1907 M C
KORN Rachel 1906 F B
KORNMEHL Salomon 1911 M A
KORNWASSER Yehaskel 1911 M A
KRAUSS Sjomon 1909 M A
KRAUSS Jako 1904 M C
KREBS Henryk 1926 M A
KREITZBERG Dagobert 1896 M A
KRESHER Shiya 1918 M A
KRIEG Samuel 1911 M A
KRIGER Herman 1894 M A
KRITZSTEIN Marcel 1924 M A
KRONFELD Nuta 1912 M C
KRUMHOLTZ Richard 1916 M A
KRUMHOLTZ Lena 1917 F B
KRUTESBERG Dagobert 1896 M C
KSINETZKI Yossef 1903 M A
KUKEIR Mordke 1919 M C
KUKEIR Naphtali 1903 M C
KUPETZ Samuel 1911 M A
KUPETZ Zelig 1901 M A
KUPPER Shulem 1904 M A
KUPTZIG Leib 1926 M A
KUTCHER Ludwig 1921 M A
LAKS Mauricy 1914 M A
LANDESHAT Kofel 1917 M A
LANDMAN Yaakow 1901 M A
LANDSBERG Yankel 1908 M A
LANDSDORFER Ferdinand 1924 M A
LAOS Yaakow 1916 M A
LASLOW Yaakow 1901 M A
LAST Hersh 1915 M A
LEBERTOW Yaakow 1906 M A
LEDEL Duba 1893 F B
LEDERMAN Shmuel 1895 M A
LEFEL Sabina 1913 F B
LEHRFELD Simon 1922 M C
LEHRFELD William 1925 M C
LEHRMAN Herman 1910 M A
LEIZER Gerda 1911 F B
LEIZEROWICZ Isaac 1925 M C
LEMBERGER Moses 1925 M A
LEMOUS Yaakow 1903 M A
LEMPEL Anita 1923 F B
LEOPOLHOLTZ Haskel 1912 M C
LERNER Anna 1913 F B
LERNER Mieczyslaw 1905 M C
LEWINGER Joachim 1896 M A
LEWINSKI Dawid 1916 M A
LEWINSTEIN Israel 1912 M A
LEWINSTEIN Solomon 1915 M A
LEWINSTEIN ? 1911 F B
LEWISON Chana Malk 1918 F B
LEWITT Moses 1914 M C
LEWITT Mordke 1920 M C
LEWITTES Wilhelm 1923 M A
LEWITTES Lazar 1907 M A
LEWKOWITZ Ethel 1906 F B
LIBAN Jan 1926 M A
LIBLER Awraham 1916 M A
LIBLICH Israel 1924 M A
LICHTENSOHN Henryk 1921 M C
LICHTENSTEIN Gershon 1905 M C
LIEBENGOLD Etka 1910 F B
LINKOWSKI Mauricy 1905 M A
LIPA Yaakow 1918 M A
LIPNITZKI Itzik 1925 M A
LISSON Dawid 1927 M A
LISSON Leib 1921 M A
LISSON Moses 1893 M A
LITMAN Stefan 1914 M A
LITMANIWITZ Leib 1915 M A
LITMONOWITZ Salomon 1915 M C
LIZORK Mendel 1927 M A
LOEW Philip 1909 M A
LOWENTZER Ludwiga 1921 F B
LUBLINKER Isaac 1910 M A
LUFTENGLASS Berl 1895 M A
LUKS Leonard 1921 M A
LUNKER Tchas 1913 M A
LUPER Sol 1920 M C
LUSTGARTEN Karol 1897 M C
LUSTGARTEN Richard 1924 M C
LUSTIK Markus 1925 M A
MAHLER Awraham 1902 M A
MALINSKI Yossef 1920 M A
MANA Tauba 1892 F B
MANDELBAUM Major 1920 M C
MANDELBAUM Mendel 1924 M C
MANN Shaya 1914 M A
MARGOLIS Mechel 1914 M A
MARKIEL Salomon 1905 M A
MARKOWITZ Awraham 1905 M A
MARKOWITZ Feivel 1920 M A
MARKOWITZ Israel 1909 M C
MARMOR Yossef 1888 M A
MEHR Jako 1916 M C
MEKLER Moses 1920 M A
MELTZ Eliasz 1923 M A
MELTZ Markus 1916 M A
MELTZER Eisik 1895 M A
MENDEL Naftali 1925 M A
MENDEL Wolf 1904 M A
MERDER Wilhelm 1905 M A
METILANSKI Leib 1925 M A
MILER Eugenia 1926 F B
MILLER Lipman 1918 M C
MILNER Mordke 1926 M A
MINDER Sela 1914 F B
MITLER Itzik 1908 M A
MITLES Hugo 1910 M A
MITLES Kalman 1920 M A
MITLIS Sender 1908 M A
MITLIS Shmul 1924 M A
MITLUS Alter 1906 M A
MITTLES Israel 1897 M C
MITZNER Wilhelm 1911 M A
MOHLER Shaul 1926 M C
MONDRER Nuchim 1923 M A
MONHEIT Mieczyslaw 1916 M A
MONHEIT Henryk 1926 M A
MOTLETCH Itzik 1922 M C
MUNDSHEI Binem 1918 M C
MUNDSTEIN Arnolf 1915 M A
MUNDSTEIN Yossef 1900 M A
MUNDSTEIN Moses 1923 M A
MUNHOIT Mozes 1892 M A
MUNT Hersh 1910 M A
NACHMAN Shiya 1894 M C
NADEL Leib 1906 M A
NADEL Felicia 1917 F B
NADEL Leon 1889 M C
NADLER Oskar Leize 1914 M A
NAFKER Israel 1904 M A
NAFKER Yakow 1911 M A
NAFTALOWITCH Itzik 1924 M A
NAGEL Markus 1924 M A
NASS Roza 1906 F B
NATANSON Yunes 1913 M A
NEIGER Markus 1902 M A
NEIGER Solomon 1908 M A
NEIGER Lea 1906 F B
NESSEL Baruch 1925 M A
NEUBERT Chaim 1924 M A
NEUBURG Wictor 1924 M A
NEUDET Mauritz 1917 M A
NEUFELD Alter 1906 M A
NEUMAN Zygmunt 1898 M A
NEUMAN Mona 1914 F B
NEUMARK Israel 1922 M A
NEZEL Salmon 1924 M C
NIMETZ Yossek 1925 M A
NIWELEWSKI Reuwen 1917 M C
NIWLEWSKI Leon 1917 M A
NOWOTNI Mordke 1904 M A
NUSSBAUM Eisisk 1905 M A
NUSSBAUM Otto 1923 M A
NUSSBAUM Henoch 1909 M A
NUSSBAUM Harta 1921 F B
OFFMAN Wolfi 1900 M A
OFMAN Henrika 1920 F B
OFMAN Herta 1929 F B
OLNIK Yaakow 1921 M A
OPPENHEIM Henryk 1923 M A
OSTREICHER Yakow 1917 M A
OTZ––– Dawid 1909 M A
PEARL Salomon 1907 M A
PEARLBERG Naftali 1923 M A
PEARLBERG Samuel 1899 M A
PEARLBERG Dora 1907 F B
PEARLMAN Israel 1907 M A
PEARLMAN Naphtali 1891 M C
PEARLMUTTER Leon 1910 M C
PEARLROT Awraham 1925 M A
PEARLROT Nuchim 1893 M A
PEARLROT Awraham 1927 M C
PELZMAN Gusta 1912 F B
PENIKEL Leizer 1926 M A
PINELESS Maximilian 1921 M C
PINKAS Ester 1915 F B
PINKASSOWITZKI Zenkil 1912 M C
POSNER Israel 1904 M A
PREISS Emanuel 1924 M A
PRESCHADECKI Israel 1914 M C
PRESSER Bronislawa 1923 F B
PRESSER Fremia 1910 F B
PRESSER Roza 1919 F B
PRESSLER Bernard 1914 M A
PRINA Hermina 1900 F B
PRINTZ Eisisk 1893 M A
PRINTZ Yossef 1927 M A
PROPKIR Moses 1906 M A
PSZEBORSKI Kalman 1912 M A
PSZECHATZKI Alek 1920 M A
PSZECHATZKI Yakow 1925 M A
PSZECHATZKI Leibusz 1920 M A
PULKA Sculin 1898 M C
RADZWILER Adolph 1911 M A
RAKOWSKI Israel 1927 M A
RAPPOPORT Dawid 1917 M A
RATH Dora 1916 F B
RATTAS Chaim 1923 M C
RATTAS Paul 1920 M C
RECHEN Rihard 1921 M A
RECHSBAUM Stanislaw 1916 M A
REDLICH Wilhelm 1916 M A
REICH Awraham 1907 M A
REICH Emil 1894 M A
REIF Vicyor 1906 M A
REWER Pinka 1913 F C
RIGER Mendel 1927 M C
RILES Natan 1915 M C
RINGELBLOOM Arnold 1920 M A
RITTER Isidor 1911 M C
RITTER Simcha 1907 M C
RIWA Yeshayahu 1914 M A
RIZMAN Lola 1917 F B
RIZMAN Jacob 1915 M C
RONZEK Yaakow 1913 M A
ROSEN Moses 1917 M A
ROSENBAUM Eisik 1921 M A
ROSENBAUM Dawid 1926 M C
ROSENBAUM Hersh 1925 M C
ROSENBERG Meir 1906 M A
ROSENBERG Moshek 1925 M A
ROSENBERG Julius 1900 M A
ROSENBERG Motek 1911 M A
ROSENBERG Shlomo 1911 M A
ROSENBERG Shmuel 1913 M A
ROSENBERG Motek 1921 M C
ROSENFELD Natan 1925 M A
ROSENFELD Maurice 1924 M C
ROSENHAHN Samuel 1925 M C
ROSENKRANTZ Raphel 2906 M A
ROSENKRANTZ Raphael 1906 M C
ROSENSTEIN Henryk 1915 M A
ROSENSTOCK Benjamin 1928 M A
ROSENTHAL Chaim 1922 M A
ROSENTZWEIG Naphtali 1923 M C
ROTHBERG Erna 1915 F B
ROTHBERG Maurice 1908 M C
ROTHEIM Mozes 1906 M A
ROTHENBERG Aaron 1923 M A
ROTHENBERG Shmuel 1898 M A
ROTHENBERG Zygmunt 1923 M A
ROTHER Isaac 1923 M A
ROTHER Shaul 1919 M A
ROTHER Zygmunt 1920 M A
ROZNER Hirsh 1906 M A
ROZNER Helena 1909 F B
RUBINSTEIN Anshel 1918 M A
RUBINSTEIN Mauricy 1920 M A
RUBINSTEIN Shmuel 1914 M A
RUDDER Itzik 1900 M A
SAFIER Rita 1926 F B
SAPHIR Yehoshua 1885 M A
SARNA Jonka 1921 F C
SCHANOWETTER Dawid 1912 M C
SCHARF Dawid 1914 M A
SCHARF Tauba 1914 F B
SCHEIN Rita 1921 F B
SCHEINHERTZ Ester 1899 F B
SCHEINHERTZ Helena 1899 F B
SCHEINHERTZ Stefania 1906 F B
SCHELLER Awraham 1920 M C
SCHENKER Rebeca 1888 F B
SCHICK Irena 1921 F B
SCHINTEL Bela 1899 F B
SCHINTEL Regina 1917 F B
SCHINTEL Sara 1868 F B
SCHISSER Salmon 1912 M C
SCHLAKCZIK Israel 1921 M C
SCHLUSSEL Awraham 1914 M C
SCHMALTZ Aaron Yos 1897 M C
SCHMIDT Eliasz 1904 M A
SCHMIDT Naphtali 1902 M A
SCHNIRER Hela 1904 F B
SCHNITZER Dawid 1894 M A
SCHNITZER Dawid 1894 M C
SCHNUFTBEK Leon 1902 M C
SCHNUR Maurice 1907 M C
SCHPIGEL Chiel 1913 M C
SCHTRENGST Ester 1911 F B
SCHTRENGST Sara 1892 F B
SCHUMACHER Kalman 1912 M C
SCHWARTZBAUM Dawid 1912 M C
SCHWARTZMAN Bela 1909 F B
SCHWARTZMAN Solomia 1928 F B
SCHWARTZMEHR Lib 1921 M C
SERBATKA Feivel 1914 M A
SEREBRANA Giselle Stef 1918 F B
SHADEL Reuven 1888 M A
SHAGRIN Zacharias 1925 M A
SHAK Yerzi 1917 M A
SHEIN Chaim 1916 M A
SHEINGUT Nachmias 1921 M A
SHEINHERTZ Zygmunt 1914 M A
SHEWSHOWSKI Moshe 1924 M A
SHIDLINGER Markus 1918 M A
SHIDLOWSKI Yehiel 1919 M A
SHIDLOWSKI Meir 1922 M A
SHIFF Leizer 1925 M A
SHIFF Mitzsider 1924 M A
SHIMEL Aleksander 1927 M C
SHINDEL Samuel 1905 M A
SHINOWITZ Arian 1922 M A
SHINRER Solo 1927 M C
SHLAGGER Wilk 1916 M A
SHLOMOWITZ Chaim 1924 M A
SHNITZKI Yankil 1904 M A
SHRAGER Berish 1908 M A
SHTAMLER Yehazkel 1922 M A
SHTAMLER Chaim 1923 M A
SHTAMLER Shimon 1919 M A
SHTAMLER Zelig 1902 M A
SHTERFELD Yossef 1896 M A
SHTERNBERG Ephraim 1919 M A
SHTERNER Wolf 1919 M A
SHTIL Leon 1910 M A
SHTIL Norbert 1914 M A
SHTRENGST Awraham 1900 M A
SHTRUZ Wictor 1901 M A
SHTRUZ Wolf 1926 M A
SHULKIND Shmuel 1914 M A
SKAMSKI Jakob 1921 M C
SMETANA Ernest 1929 M A
SOLANDER Moses 1904 M A
SOLANI Leib 1921 M A
SOLDINGER Shmuel 1824 M A
SPILER Fritz 1922 M A
SPINER Chaim 1890 M C
SPIRA Yossef 1907 M A
STAMPLER Jakob 1912 M C
STATEFELDT Markus 1921 M A
STEIN Aaron 1920 M A
STEIN Henoch 1893 M A
STEINHARDT Rut 1922 F B
STEINHAUS Racia 1900 F B
STEINPRES Yossef 1895 M A
STERN Aaron 1908 M A
STERN Asher 1908 M A
STIL Sidonia 1922 F B
STIL Alice 1912 F C
STOPNIKO Solomon 1923 M C
STRASSBERG Mauricy 1903 M A
SULTRANIK Shlomo 1922 M A
SWUSCHAKANTIL Dawid 1909 M C
TAG Lazar 1924 M A
TAWAS Hersh 1911 M C
TEITELBAUM Awraham 1916 M C
TEITELBAUM Dawid 1917 M C
TEITELBAUM Dawid 1913 M C
TEITELBAUM Joseph 1920 M C
TEITELBAUM Menachem 1918 M C
TELLER Mendel 1923 M A
TELLER Maurice 1894 M C
TENNENBAUM Shimon 1928 M A
TENNENBAUM Marcel 1925 M A
TENNENBAUM Zuskind 1899 M A
TENNENBAUM Yakow 1919 M A
TENNENBAUM Hersh 1923 M C
TEUIFEL Ignacy 1917 M A
TEUIFFEL Beno 1925 M A
THON Tehila 1912 F B
TIGER Berl 1923 M A
TOVIM Herman 1905 M A
TRAUNG Stefania 1905 F B
TRAURING Ferdinand 1892 M A
TUREK Shmuel 1911 M A
TURK Lola 1916 F B
TURK Rosalia 1910 F B
TZIPPS Daniel 1905 M A
TZNGER Karolina 1909 F B
TZUKER Israel 1906 M C
TZUKERMAN Eliezer 1908 M A
TZUKERMAN Awraham 1924 M A
TZUKERMAN Herman 1912 M A
TZUKERMAN Chaim 1911 M A
TZUKERMAN Isaac 1916 M A
TZUKERMAN Yeti 1915 F B
TZWEIG Herman 1911 M A
TZWIK Yoachim 1916 M A
UNDERMAN Awraham 1933 M C
UNGER Meir 1898 M C
UNGER Moses 1928 M C
WACHDLUBSKI Baruch 1886 M A
WACHDLUBSKI Kalman 1922 M A
WAGSHALL Isidor 1908 M A
WAGSHALL Yakow 1920 M A
WAHL Mindel 1897 F B
WANTZELBERG Maurice 1919 M C
WARENBERG Leon 1929 M A
WARSHAWSKI Meir 1900 M A
WASSERLAUFER Nahum 1925 M A
WASSERMAN Baruch 1926 M C
WASSERMAN Jakob 1905 M C
WASSERTEIL Moses 1898 M A
WASSERTIL Cecilia 1922 F B
WEIL Naphtali 1914 M A
WEINBERG Adolph 1910 M A
WEINBERG Shiya 1902 M A
WEINBERG Markus 1909 M A
WEINER Yechiel 1919 M C
WEINER Natan 1903 M C
WEINFELD Israel 1904 M A
WEINGARTEN Shimon 1919 M A
WEINGURT Israel 1923 M A
WEINRIB Eda 1926 F C
WEINROT Israel 1923 M A
WEINSTEIN Moses 1918 M A
WEINSTEIN Daniel 1895 M C
WEINSTEIN Hersh 1919 M C
WEINSTOCK Hirsh 1915 M A
WEINTRAUB Moniek 1925 M A
WEIS Aaron 1918 M C
WEISS Yehuda 1913 M A
WEISS Wolf 1909 M A
WEISS Chaim 1915 M C
WEISS Joshua 1918 M C
WEISSBERG Kalman 1912 M A
WEKSSLER Chiel 1895 M A
WEKSSLER Adela 1900 F B
WEKSSLER Maria 1928 F B
WELKES Leib 1911 M A
WERDIGER Daaawid 1920 M C
WERNER Dawid 1923 M A
WERTEL Chaim 1928 M A
WERTEL Chaim 1892 M A
WERTEL Bernard 1922 M C
WERTEL Joseph 1927 M C
WERTHEIM Shmuel 1919 M A
WERTHEIMER Henryk 1906 M C
WERTSTEIN Chaim 1922 M A
WIENER Chaim 1904 M A
WIENER Israel 1921 M A
WIENER Shmuel 1907 M A
WISENFELD Rachmiel 1914 M A
WOGEL Maximilian 1914 M C
WOHLBERG Awraham 1921 M A
WOHLBERG Biner 1913 M A
WOHLMUEL Yakow 1894 M A
WOLFEILER Kalman 1896 M A
WOLFEILER Roman 1918 M A
WOLFF Dawid 1915 M A
WOLFIELD Alice 1912 M C
WOLFILD Chaya 1897 F B
WOLFILER Eliasz 1912 M A
WOLFMAN Adolph 1921 M C
WOLFMAN Jakob 1913 M C
WOLFMAN Salo 1935 M C
WOLFOWITZ Idek 1922 M A
WULKAN Ozish 1912 M A
WULKAN Reuven 1919 M A
WURTHMAN Sara Reisel 1890 F B
WURTHMAN Leon 1894 M C
WURTHMAN Maurice 1926 M C
WURTZEL Maurice 1926 M C
WURTZEL Stefan 1927 M C
WURTZEL Amsalem 1924 M C
ZAHN Leib 1908 M A
ZAHN Asher 1917 M C
ZALTZBERG Chaim 1925 M A
ZALTZBERG Emanuel 1919 M A
ZALTZBERG Hersh 1898 M A
ZALTZBERG Shmuel 1923 M A
ZANGER Moniek 1933 M A
ZAUBERBRIN Leon 1904 M A
ZAUBERMAN Dawid 1910 M A
ZAUERBRUN Rut 1913 F B
ZEIBERSTEIN Awraham 1909 M C
ZELINGER Emalia 1888 F B
ZELLINGER Chaim 1895 M A
ZELNIK Markus 1913 M C
ZIDNUNG Yerachmiel 1904 M A
ZILBERBERG Yoel 1900 M A
ZILBERBERG Yossef 1925 M A
ZILBERBERG Shlomo 1903 M A
ZILBERBERG Baruch 1924 M A
ZILBERSTEIN Hersh 1902 M A
ZILBERSTEIN Shimon 1912 M A
ZILBIGER Grad 1923 M C
ZILENGUT Lazar 1905 M A
ZILLER Dawid Yon 1904 M A
ZIMBAR Fishel 1918 M A
ZINGER Adolph 1911 M A
ZINGER Chaim 1922 M A
ZINGER Mendel 1925 M A
ZINGER Henryk 1903 M C
ZIRLICH Awraham 1922 M A
ZLINGER Ozrish 1917 M A
ZLINGER Shimon 1891 M A
ZLINGER Lazar 1924 M A
ZOLLMAN Maks 1923 M C
ZOLLMAN Moses 1911 M C
ZOLMAN Mechel 1907 M A
ZONENSTEIN Isaac 1905 M A
ZONENSTEIN Isaac 1923 M A

This list would undergo numerous changes before the Schindler factory would leave Krakow. The Soviet armies were advancing rapidly in Poland and approaching Krakow. The Germans began to send concentration camp inmates to various places in the rear. In August 1944 a large transport of workers from Płaszów was assembled at the railway station. About 2,000 workers were there. Goeth insisted that Schindler contribute some people to the transport. Schindler negotiated with Goeth and they settled on about fifty workers that would have to leave the Schindler factory and join the transport. I was one of those selected workers. I felt like I was just condemned to death. I tried to intervene but did not have enough clout to change the decision. All the other workers selected for the transport tried to remain in the factory and used their connections. A great deal of pressure was applied on the camp leadership to change names. I did not succeed and resigned myself to my fate.

The morning of the departure, I was given jam and other foods from the camp warehouse and marched off to the railway station where I received a can of one kilo of meat and a military bread or the road that would last for about three days. We were squezeed into cattle cars at the rate of 140 people per car. I could not stand or sit and it was very hot. The train was standing in the blazing heat that became unbearable, when suddenly drops of cold water began to seep through the roof. As the water kept pouring into the car, it cooled the car. I saw Schindler directing the water hose holder to spray the cars. Finally we left Krakow and headed to the concentration camp of Mauthausen.

The following month, September 1944, Amon Goeth was arrested by the S.S. for stealing Jewish goods, a serious crime since the goods belonged to the state. The case never reached the S.S. court due to the continuous deterioration of the German military situation. However, Goeth was assigned to a mental hospital where the Americans found him and handed him over to the Polish authorities as a war criminal. He was condemned to death and executed on September 13, 1946 in Krakow, not far from the Płaszów concentration camp. Schindler managed to get the necessary papers to transfer his entire factory and personnel to Brunnitz in Czechoslovakia. He tried to enlist Madritsch to join him and move his factory to Brunnitz. Madritsch declined and closed his factory in Krakow. We have to remember the German military situation and yet Schindler managed to obtain cars and transport his workers to Czechoslovakia. In October 1944, the Schindler factory and the personnel left Krakow.One of his male transports wound up in the concentration camp of Gross Rosen. Schindler himself intervened and obtained their release. A female transport wound up in Auschwitz–Birkenau. Schindler persuaded the commandant to release his workers and paid for them. They were released and soon reached Brunnitz. Schindler maneuvered and negotiated until the Russians freed the camp and all the inmates were freed. On January 14, 1945, the last group of inmates left for Auschwitz. Shortly thereafter, Płaszów was liberated by the Soviets.

 

« Previous Page Table of Contents Next Page »


This material is made available by JewishGen, Inc. and the Yizkor Book Project for the purpose of
fulfilling our mission of disseminating information about the Holocaust and destroyed Jewish communities.
This material may not be copied, sold or bartered without JewishGen, Inc.'s permission. Rights may be reserved by the copyright holder.


JewishGen, Inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of the translation. The reader may wish to refer to the original material for verification.
JewishGen is not responsible for inaccuracies or omissions in the original work and cannot rewrite or edit the text to correct inaccuracies and/or omissions.
Our mission is to produce a translation of the original work and we cannot verify the accuracy of statements or alter facts cited.

  Nowy Sącz, Poland     Yizkor Book Project     JewishGen Home Page


Yizkor Book Director, Lance Ackerfeld
This web page created by Jason Hallgarten

Copyright © 1999-2024 by JewishGen, Inc.
Updated 11 Dec 2015 by JH