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In the New World

In 1965–66 YIVO (the Institute of Yiddish Research) in New York held an exhibit called “100 Years of Jewish Immigration”.

An entire century had passed since the first Jewish immigrants from Europe took wandering sticks in hand, left their cities and towns and began their journey to the “New World”. The old slogans “Lech Lecha – Leave” and “Veyetzei Veyavo – Leave and Arrive” made a large impression on them for various important reasons and incited them to leave the “old home”. These reasons were: the strong anti –Semitism which raged at the time, the difficult material situation, hunger, destitution and no prospects for the future.

The desire for a better tomorrow, the drive to travel to the new world, America, where a new life could be created, with the possibility to live as free people, dominated the Jews of Makow. Makow Jews first arrived in America in the 80s of the previous century.

The Jewish population of Makow was poor. Until today it is a riddle, how they managed to make ends meet? The suffering and the fight for existence is what brought them to the shores of America.

At first only men left. They left their wives and children under God's protection and crossed the ocean. Some because of their financial situations and others because they did not want to serve in the Czar.

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My father, may God avenge his death, told me there was an expression around town: “he left to close the shutters (most of the houses were low), and went to America”. This was in fact true. There were many such cases. The first mode of transport was with Lomen Noske (a well known wagon driver at the time) to Khazhel and from there, they crossed the border illegally into Germany.

With great honour we remember the first Makow emigrants who arrived in America. The were: Nosn Feyvl Kit, Zerakh Kirzhner, Shloime Salomon, Gedalye Kirzhner Goldman (my maternal grandfather), Moishe Shmuel Sobel (16 years old), Yakov Sobel, Ruven Hirsh Rubin, Shtutzka, Borukh Moishe Goldman, Feyvl Sobel, Avrom Moishe Unger, Harry Zusman, Yisroel Gold, Meir – Leyb Morison (Liasek), the Lis brothers, Yitzkhak Goldman, Mordkhai Sobel, the brothers Mendl and Fishl Stavisky, Philip Hirsh, Khantche Hamer and a few more.

At the beginning of the 20^th century, on the eve of the First World War the emigration from Makow grew a bit. These were not mass numbers, only a few individuals tore themselves away. Some of them were: Jack Goldberg, the brothers: Berish, Yitzkhak and Moishe Rizer, Avigdor Friedman, Dovid Hendel, Rabbi Fishl Newman, Avrom Khzhannover, Avrom Kohen, Jack Galina, Hirsh Moishe Kohen, Sholem Potcheba, Bertche Ludvinovitz, Leybl Rozenberg, Herman Goldman, Abie Grodovitz, Khaim Shloime Blum, Moishe Khunovitz, Velvl Palukh, (“Green Velvl”), Itche Rogoza (“Yellow Itche”).

Interestingly, the same Itche Rogoza brought over the Amshinov Rabbi of blessed memory to America. He travelled from city to city collecting money in order to save the rabbi. This showed, a Makow Jew was as Amshinov Hasid.

The first immigrants could not acclimatize. They found it difficult adjusting to their new home. A few even returned to Makow and others went back and forth. Having saved a few dollars they began to do business or set up a small workshops in Makow, then they would lose money and return to America.

After the First World War when Poland was an independent state in the 1920s, families began to emigrate, uniting wives and children with their husbands and fathers. Whole families arrived: Yudis Blum, Esther Kohen, Khane Makover, Ena Blime Kleshevski, Moishe Khunovtz' family, Khaya Rokhl Batzian, Hirsh Ber Kolender's family,

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Malke Friedman (Malke Tirtza's) Eta Gast, Rivka Krimkevitz, Brayne Makovsky, Esther Kantor and other families.

At the same time some of the grown youth began to emigrate, some legally and some illegally, – to a brother, a sister, an uncle, an aunt or to any relative. A few of them were: Moishe Biala, Yekhekl and Ite Segal, Hillel and Rokhl Raytchik, Max Brown, Moishe and Dvoyre Shelsky, Moishe Rogoza, Shmuel Langleyb, Velvl Krukover (Goodman), Shmuel Zelig Hendel, Yudl Rozenman, Isidore Kahn, Gedalye and Gitl Raytchik, Hershl Zhutkov, Nokhem Hendel, Esther Kleynhoyz, the Gliksberg sisters, Velvl Tzentner, Simkha and Soreh Markus and others.

Due the “quota”, the newly emerged law which greatly restricted emigration, the wandering to America practically stopped, except for a few exceptions. However, this did not stop people from Makow from heading out into the world.

When it was difficult to go to the United States the stream of emigrants began to look for other routes to get to Latin America and other parts of the world like: Cuba, Uruguay, Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, Costa Rica, Mexico, Canada and even Australia.

Makow can boast and say that there is practically no place in the world where Makow Jews do not live or have not lived.

Among those who immigrated to Latin America were:

Cuba – Yosl Sobol, Binyomin Shniadovsky, Moishe Shniadovsky, Yisroel Godlshteyn, Soreh Eta Skurnik, Elke Segal, Leybl Gogol, Yosef Furmansky, Mikhla Likhtenshteyn, Shmuel (Itchke) Kleynhoyz, Soreh Segal, Simlha Botzian, the Vonskolaser sisters, Yakov Moishe and Mindl Skurnik with their family (today in Israel) and others.

Uruguay – Avrom Tzion who later brought over his parents and brothers, Yerakhmiel Kotziak, Zaklitzever, Khaim Borenshteyn and Feyge Blum.

Colombia – Shloime Glogover.

Bolivia – Mendl Piasetzly.

Costa Rica – Zelig Gudes who later brought over his wife and children.

Mexico – Fishl Sobol and his family and Hershl Kubaba and his family.

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Brazil – Nakhman Tzukerman, Efraim Katz and family.

Argentina – Hershl Orlik, Yedida Raytchik, Tzima Vilenberg, Leybish Segal, Yakov and his wife Yeta Shelsky (today in America).

Australia – Sender Burshtyn, the Borshtch sisiters, Dovid Mrotzky and his wife Esther Feyge and his sister, Aron Gutleyzer.

Canada – Fishl Zaks and his family, Notte Vilenberg, Yitzkhak Pas, the brothers Smulko and Khaim Leyzer Rogoza (today in America), the Goldshten sisters (Yitzkhak Menahse's children), Moishe Veltshevsky and his wife (Karpman) and Beyltze Skurnik (today Morgnshtern).

Many Jews from Makow married people from Zhetl, townsmen. This proved to be successful in saving more people as they emigrated to prospective grooms or brides. Those who were among the last to immigrate to America before the outbreak of the Second World War were: Masha Tziviner and Yakov Khaim Sobol, and to Canada, Khaim Leyzer Rogoza.

In the late 1920s,and early 1930s immigration began to the Land of Israel (then Palestine), thanks to the activities and educational work of the Zionist Organizations such as: “HeChalutz” (the Pioneer), “HeChalutz Hatzair” (the Young Pioneer), “Hashomer Hatzair” (the Young Guard), “Mizrachi” (religious Zionists) and “Hapoel Hamizrachi”. Many Jews from Makow eventually made their home in the State of Israel.

The first immigrants that arrived in America faced great difficulties settling in. First of all it was difficult to find work, an apartment and in general the labour pains of arriving in a new country. It was not easy. It was a miracle they did not earn a lot as many would have surly returned to Makow. Longing for wife and child, for the quiet life of the small town, the old home: longing for the religious life – the House of Study, the small synagogue, tormented them.

Jews from Makow were always friendly to one another and their relationships were warm. Also on new soil, in the new country, they continued this tradition. They lived together as “Borders” and helped each other out. They found work in factories (shops), mainly in the clothing industry

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and in time worked their way up. Until recently, the familiar east side of New York was where most immigrants lived, including those from Makow.

Important Jews and important people emerged from the east side. In order to ease the homesickness and loneliness the Jews from Makow founded a society where townspeople could meet often and most important, have their won holy place. The first Makow Society was founded in 1898 called “Chevra Midrash Anshei Makow” and a few years later built their own synagogue, the well known Makow synagogue at 23 Henry Street, which still exists today.

The finest of the immigrants from Makow belonged to the society. The society purchased its own cemetery so after reaching the age of 120 everyone would have their own plot, observing the old tradition of “You shall lie with your fathers”.

The synagogue served as a true gathering place for our townsmen. After a difficult work week, people waited for the Sabbath to meet one another in the synagogue, meet friends and go to someone's house for Kiddush after prayers.

The main founders and builders of the synagogue were: Nosn Feyvl Kit, Feyvl Sobel, Mr. Lis, Yitzkhak Goldman and a few more. A lot of time, effort, work and money were given by Jews to the synagogue and the society.

When Rabbi Fishl Nayman of blessed memory (Reb Motele the rabbinic judge's son, and the grandson of Reb Fishele of blessed memory) came to America he was immediately hired as the rabbi of the Makow synagogue. He was loved and held in high esteem by all.

Hirsh – Moishe Kohen (who died two years ago) was president of the synagogue and the society for a long time. The present officials are:

Mr. David Roys – President
Mr. Harry Zusman (Dovid Refalkes' relative) – secretary
Mr. Avrom Khshanover – Trustee

Unfortunately the Society is not very active today. Many of the members died and we have no new members from the second generation.

In July 1907 another Makow society was founded called “Independent Young Men's Benevolent Association”.

The organizers were: Sam Greenberg, Charlie Hamer, Sam Shlamovitch,

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Sam Kohen, Abe Bromberg, Hymie Rakover, Mendl Broder, Harry Zusman and the Botshan brothers.

The membership of this society was comprised of a younger group. At first the amount of members was small, but in time, when more Makow Jews arrived, the amount increased.

Today there are 300 members. It is the largest Makow society in New York.

The society holds a meeting once a month where a variety of issues and problems relating to the welfare of members are discussed such as: financial aid, sick benefits, visiting sick members etc… besides helping its members, the Society financially supports Jewish institutions with yearly dues like: The United Jewish Appeal, The Histadrut (Jewish Agency) Campaign, HIAS, and from time to time buys Israeli Bonds.

The present officials are:

Louis Goldberg – president.
Jack Galina – vide president.
Dovid Hendel – secretary.
Milton S. Goldberg – finance secretary.
Nathan Deutch – Trustee.

Not many members attend meetings. This year they are planning a banquet to celebrate their 60^th anniversary.

The active members are: the president Mr. Louis Goldberg, Avrom Khshanover and Dovid Hendel (Yitkhak Abramche's son). These members take an interest in all endeavours organized by their townsmen.

At the same time, June 1907 another society of Makow townsmen was founded called: “Makow Young Men's Aid Society”. The founders of this society were: Frank Kohen, Hirsh Moishe Kohen, Jake Goldberg, Avrom Gilbert, Max Gilbert, Abe Nashek and a few others.

This society was comprised of unmarried men who came to America with their families and were looking for a way to derive pleasure in their own way.

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At first the amount of members was small. Later, when more young people arrived the amount of members increased thanks to the active members like: the Gilbert brothers, Y. Levin Y. Hendler, Jake Goldberg, Abe Grodovitz, Nathan Appleboym, Charlie Granat, Dovid Moscovitz, Morris Rizer, Frank Kohen, Hymie Goldman, Sam Friedman and others.

In the early years the society met once a week in order for the members to see each other often. Over the years the membership grew. The following new members were active: Max Brown, Sam Friedman, Herman Goldman, Sam Potcheba, Hyman Rozenman and others, and later Hillel Raytchik, Yudl Rozenman, Moishe Shlsky, Sam Markus and others.

This society also purchased their own cemetery and provided their members with plots.

The society created a loan society to help members with loans. The leaders were: Philip Kohen, Herman Goldman, William Lenes and Sam Potcheba.

Today the society had 90 members. They periodically organize events such as: banquets, and anniversary celebrations etc… a few years ago there was a banquet in honour of Mr. Y. Hendler (secretary of the society) and this year they are planning a great celebration marking 60 years of the existence of the society.

The society is active enough. There are meetings once a month. Unfortunately – as in the other society – not to many people attend the meetings. Problems facing our townsmen are discussed at the meetings.

Max Brown, who died recently, was president for many years. He was devoted to and very active in the society. Moishe Shelsky who also died recently, was vice president for a long time and very active and devoted as well. Honour their memory.

The present officials are:

Irwin Rizer (son of Moishe Rizer) – president.
Jake Goldberg – vice president.
Isidore Hendler – finance secretary.
Morris Kaminsky – secretary.
Herman Goldman – treasurer and chairman of the cemetery.

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Hillel Raytchik, Sam Friedman, Morris Rizer – trustees.

The present officials are very active in all aspects. They display a great interest and dedicate time and work for the existence and development of the society.

Within a few years the Jews from Makow began to leave the east side and moved to other regions of New York like: Brooklyn and The Bronx. They began to spread out and live in different areas.

Our townsmen in Brooklyn also founded societies, “Chevra Acim” and “Chevra Anshei Yosef”. These societies did not play an important role it the lives of Makow Jews and today they no longer exist.

The amount of Makow townspeople in New York is much larger than the amount of members in the societies as many to not belong to the societies, especially the very young, the children, the new generation which was born in America. They have joined various general fraternal organizations or clubs.

After the First World War, due to the initiative of active members of all Makow societies the United Makow Relief Fund was created, under the leadership of very important hard working townsmen, representatives from all the societies. They were:

Mr. and Mrs. Yakov Sobel, Shloime Salomon, Hirsh Moishe Kohen, Herman Goldman, Khane and Khave Gold, Dovid Hendel, Sam Greenberg, Abe Grodovitz, Sam Levin, Khantche Hamer, the Stavisky brothers, Mrs. Bercovitz and others.

The “Relief” helped provide financial support for Jews in Makow. The “Relief” collected large sums of money by organizing various events such as: theatre benefits, yearly balls and individual contributions. The “Relief” carried out active and intensive work. Financial aid was sent to Makow to a committee of Makow's respected men who were chosen by the “Relief” in New York.

This work continued for a few years. Later it was taken over by a women's committee, the “Ladies Auxiliary” run by these respected women: Rokhl Rotenberg, Dora Shalesky, Mrs. Bercovitz, Khane Karp, Khane Makower, Malke Friedman, Ester Kantor, Esther Kohen, Rokhl Leah Rubin, Yetta Segal, Rokhl Raytchik,

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Gitl Raytchik and others. The support from the women's committee was later limited to only sending necessities for Passover and helping certain institutions like: the hospice for the poor and the interest free loan society.

By the early 30s a few townsmen founded the “Tarbut” organization. The task of this organization was to collect funds to support Zionist institutions in Makow such as: the “Yavne” school, the Zionist library named for Sholem Aleichem, and most important, providing financial aid to young pioneers who wanted to immigrate to the Land of Israel. Those active were: the brothers Yisroel Yosef and Yudl Rozenman, Pauline Gold, Yehushua and Mindl Friedman, Hillel and Ruthie Raytchik, Yekhezkl and Yetta Segal, the brothers Khaim Leyb and Moishe Makover, Gedalye and Gitl Raytchik, and Shmuel Zelig Hendel.

The idea to establish this organization came from Yehoshua and Mindl Friedman (Raytchik), who arrived in America in 1932. Mindl, a new comer really knew the situation and understood the importance of helping these specific institutions.

This work continued for along time and the money sent helped many young people emigrate.

After the Second World War, at the end of 1945, we received news of survivors from Makow. Those who survived the Holocaust were now in different countries including: Poland, Sweden with the majority, in Germany.

Due to the initiative of these well known active townsmen: Mr. And Mrs. Hillel Raytchik, Mr. and Mrs. Yekhezkl Segal, Mishe Shelsky, Dovid Hendel, Herman Goldman, Mr. and Mrs. Gedalye Raytchik, Mr. and Mrs. Avrom Khshanover, a new Relief was organized under the name “The United Makow Relief”, supported by all Makow societies. The first founding meeting took place at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Hillel Raytchik who were known for their devotion and hard work for Makow's townsmen, and their warm home is still today a meeting place for work for the benefit of all.

At the end of 1945 Yakov Khaim Sobel returned from Europe. He had been freed from service in the American army. He immediately became involved with the Relief which made contact with survivors everywhere, where ever they were, and collected funds. To achieve this goal different events were organized, such as:

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theatre benefits, a Purim ball and collections. They sent packages of food, clothing and money to the townsmen in various countries.

The active members of the relief committee were: Max Brown of blessed memory, Moishe Shelsky, of blessed memory, Hillel Raytchik, Gedalye Raytchik, Avrom Khshanover, Yekhezkl Segal, Herman Goldman, Yekhezkl Kohen, Yakov Khaim Sobel, and others. They gave up their Sundays, their rest day to pack packages in Moishe Friedman's grocery store, where they sorted, packed and addressed parcels. Rabbi Fishl Newman of blessed memory, played an active role in the relief work. The first chairman was Mr. Philip Krasner, a devoted worker. Later, Sam Greenberg, an active society member in relief work. After him the chairmanship was taken over by Avrom Khshanover a devoted worker of the Makow societies in general, and specifically relief work and holds this position until today.

In time, survivors from Makow began to arrive in America and The Land of Israel. The new arrivals quickly engaged in relief work. Those active were: Avrom and Yetta Garfinkel, Avrom Lesman, Leybl Goldvaser, Mordkhai Tziviner and others. The Relief worked together with the Society of Makow Jews in Israel and increased the funds for the interest free loan society in Israel. Besides supporting the fund the Relief sent money to Israel on a yearly basis for Passover necessities. The United Makow Relief organizes a ceremony every year in memory of Makow Jews who died a martyr's death during the Holocaust.

Unfortunately, not many survived from our beautiful Jewish community in Makow, who before the Second World War amounted to almost 5000. Only a small number were saved and they are spread out across the world. They came to the United States, Canada, Latin America, Australia, Sweden and a distinguished amount to Israel.

The first of the survivors to arrive in America (New York) was Yakov Sheynberg. Those who greeted him upon his arrival were: Rokhl Raytchik, Yetta Segal, Mindl Friedman, Yakov Khaim Sobel and his cousin.

With tears in our eyes and great sorrow in our hearts

[Page 197]

we received the first news and heart wrenching reports of what happened and who survived. The loss is horrible and the destruction of the Makow Jewish community was cruel. He, Yakov Sheynberg, the first survivor to walk on American soil, did not talk much at first as he was a broken bitter man. One thing he did share right away was the anniversary of the death of Makow's martyrs. We will all remember the date, the 3^rd day of Tevet, for generations to come.

Jews from Makow all over the world can be proud of their townspeople. Without exaggeration, wherever they are, we hear about them, we know about them because they have held or still hold important positions in the community, in cultural, economic, scientific and social areas.

The importance of the former Makow Jewish community, of which we are proud, is very old. In the rabbinic world Makow had great scholars and rabbis who stood at the helm of religious and general Jewish life. On cultural and social levels we take pride in some great personalities who are world famous.

Let us mention a few:

Nokhem Sokolov, a great Jew, a Zionist leader and a leader of our people. He was a son in law of Makow's Dobe Segal of blessed memory.

Leon Blum of blessed memory, a socialist leader and simultaneously the long serving premier of France, descended from a Makow family, the Kahans. Yisroel Shtern, may God avenge his murder, was a poet and the brother of Reb Kalmen Sofer.

Ben –Zion Khilinovitch, may God avenge his murder, journalist and writer, contributor to the Warsaw Yiddish newspaper “The Moment”. He was the brother of Reb Shimon – Khaim, Feygl and Laytche Dobres.

Khone Stolnitz, may God avenge his murder, the talented, young poet who was killed in the Holocaust, was a young man from Makow, and many others who are mentioned in this book. As difficult as the times were, even some of the early immigrants managed to reach high levels in America.

We will mention a few:

Philip Hirsh of blessed memory, was, years ago, the director of

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HIAS (Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society) in New York. This institution played a large role in bringing over relatives and helped many Jewish immigrants get settled.

Admiral Hyman Rikover, the so called father of the atomic submarine is a great personality in America. Although he has distanced himself from Jews and Judaism, he in fact stems from Makow, Dovid Rikover's (Dovid the carpenter's) nephew.

Dr. Menakhem Merlub – Sobel, PhD in chemical engineering, was a professor at the Polytechnic in Haifa, and now serves as an advisor to the Israeli government in the field of chemistry and lives in Israel. He is the son of Moishe Shmuel Sobel (my uncle) of blessed memory. One of the first emigrants from Makow.

Dr. Max Pianka, known as “Moniek”, lives in London. He is a great scholar, known throughout the world. The following countries: America, Belgium, Poland and France have invited him to guest lecture at their universities and colleges. He is the son of Khaye and Shmuel Pianka, the beloved community worker in Makow and director of the state school.

The later immigrants who arrived in America in the 1920s made every effort to provide their children with higher education, both secular and Jewish.

Yehoshua Friedman and Yonatan Kleshevsky (the second died young a few years ago) were the first children of Makow immigrants to graduate from the Hebrew college “Herzliya” in New York. In America, Israel and other countries there are many doctors, professors, engineers, lawyers, dentists, accountants and teachers who are immigrants or of the children of immigrants from Makow.

There are also our townsmen among the rabbis in America, some of which are heads of their communities. They are involved with the Talmud Torah Schools and are very active in the education department of the “Mizrachi” movement. They are among the spiritual leaders of Jewish American life.

Rabbi Y. Khunovitch is a rabbi in the Bronx. His brother, Rabbi Harold Khunivitch is chief rabbi in San Juan, Puerto Rico. They both graduated from Yeshiva Elkhanan. They are the children of Moishe and Rokhl Khunovitch of blessed memory, immigrants from Makow. There are also rabbis among the more recent arrivals. Rabbi Simkha – Binem Shuldenreyn, is the rabbi in Dorchester (near Boston).

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Rabbi Shmuel Hilert is a rabbi and ritual slaughterer in Brooklyn, New York. Rabbi Ben – Zion Rozental (son in law of Reb Motl Yismakh) is a rabbi in Chicago. Rabbi Figa, is head of a Yeshiva in Brooklyn, New York.

We also want to mention Rabbi Pinkhas Ingberman of blessed memory, (son of Manes and Brayndl Pakter) survivors from Makow who came to America through China after the war. Pinkhas Ingberman was a very gifted young man, a great scholar and very knowledgeable. He was a good speaker. He studied at Yeshiva University and received a doctorate. He was hired as rabbi in one of the largest synagogues in Brooklyn.

Unfortunately he did not live to see his career develop. In 1955, flying to Israel to visit his brother Yosef, he was killed when his plane was shot down over Bulgaria, taken from this world too young. Let us honour his memory. We all lost a dear devoted member of our town.

A few of our townsmen were active in Jewish communal life in America, particularly in the Zionist “Mizrachi” movement, Israel Bonds, the Labour Zionist Movement and others. It is worthwhile to mention, the children of those who arrived after the Holocaust all study in colleges and want to become doctors, engineers or scientists. Some of them are teaching in Yeshivas and Hebrew schools. They will hopefully occupy fitting positions in society as personalities, leaders, good citizens and good Jews.

History has imposed a great responsibility on the survivors from the former exterminated Makow Jewish community. In the future they must continue to follow the slogan “The actions of fathers are carried by their children”. They must continue to forge the golden chain as Jews, in the spirit of the martyrs whose memories will eternally remain in our hearts.

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The community activists in Makow also concerned themselves with professional training for the youth. A branch of ORT was founded in the 1930s. However, the financial support from the head office of ORT was small. Therefore, the administration of ORT in Makow turned to a few institutions around the world for help. In an appeal dated November 9^th, 1938 to Mrs. Esther – Rivka Piasetzka in Shanghai, the following, among other things, were said:

“We would like our young people not to have to receive gifts from their brothers, rather we would like them to be able to earn enough to live off. If we teach our youth a trade we will turn them into useful, productive people in society. With the spreading of professional education among the Jewish population we hope to see the Jewish craftsman at the same level as the non–Jew and not be pushed out of his economic position.”

In a second letter to Mrs. Piasetzky dated June 1938, the administration if ORT in Makow wrote: “as long as the older generation still holds onto the factions of the sinking Jewish economic ship, the youth will remain totally without any prospects of obtaining economic possibilities”.

The administration therefore decided to found a trade school. To achieve this goal they required 50 thousand zlotys, that is to say, ten thousand dollars. In connection to this they appealed to Mrs. Piasetzky in Shanghai for help in this regard.

Mrs. Piasetzky responded. She did not forget her townspeople despite the fact she left our city long ago and lives in the Far East.

In Makow there was a “TOZ” society (The Society for Safeguarding the Health of Jewish Children) which concerned itself with children's health sending them to respite colonies etc…

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Activity of Mrs. Piasetzka from Makow in far off Shanghai, for ORT in Makow

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