[Page 561]

Reb Mordka Jechiel Grin hy”d

He was a devoted follower of the Aleksander Rebbe, whom he consulted in all matters.

Some years before the outbreak of the Second World War, he joined “Aguda's” cheder, together with the city's best melamdim, where he held a respected position as an experienced pedagogue.

(He had planned to emigrate to the Land of Israel, but was unable to accomplish this. During the Great Akcja^[2], which took place in Częstochowa the day after Yom Kippur of 5702 [22^nd September 1942], together with his wife and daughter, he was sent to Treblinka.)

Translator's footnotes:

1. Abb. of “Hashem yikom damo”, Heb.; may God avenge his blood. This honorific is used for martyrs.Return
2. Operation Reinhardt.Return

[Page 562]

My father was already a melamed in Częstochowa in the period prior to the First World War. His cheder was among the best in Częstochowa. (It was located in the Hampel house at ul. Spadek 12.) The cheder already then stood on a high level. Besides him, the melamdim Berisz Wajnberg, Eksztajn [and] Mojsze Dawid Landsman also taught there. The secular studies teachers were Messrs Leder and Awner. They also taught Hebrew and music. With the outbreak of the First World War, the cheder closed down and we moved to Praszka.

Although my father z”l yearned to return to Częstochowa after the War, he was unable to do so. He therefore travelled to Kłobuck, where he was appointed headmaster of the local “Yessod Ha'Torah” [Foundation of the T.] cheder. However, he found it difficult to adapt to the local rabbi's methods and returned to Częstochowa to re–open his cheder and, until the years of the German occupation, he continued teaching children in Częstochowa.

He was a Torah scholar who fulfilled the precept of “[This book of the law shall not depart out of thy mouth;] but thou shalt meditate thereon day and night” [Joshua 1:8]. He also had a secular education at the level of four years in a high school.

(In the last days before the “Akcja”, he asked me to say the “Kaddish” for him [after his death] and to study chapters of the Mishna to commemorate him, as if he had foreseen that I would remain alive.)

[Pages 563-566]

№	Melamed & Details	Cheder Address	№	Melamed & Details	Cheder Address
1	Reb Jakób Ajchenhaus (“the Zureker melamed”)	ul. Rzeźnicka	18	Reb Chaim Wattenberg, Talmud	ul. Spadek
2	Reb Eliasz Chaim, Talmud with Tosafot	ul. Warszawska	19	Reb Mojsze Wolbromer, Talmud with Tosafot	Stary Rynek 7
3	Reb Zisman Aronowicz, independent Talmud teacher (Skierniewice chassid)	Ul. Ogrodowa	20	Over the course of the years, he also taught at Rabbi Jszajewicz's yeshivah	Stary Rynek, in front of the Gajsler house
4	Reb Aron Hersz Aronowicz, Talmud teacher of the highest class at “Machzikei Hadas” (Prominent Skierniewice chassid)		21	Reb Berisz Wajnberg had a “progressive cheder” and also taught Hebrew at Rabbi Jszajewicz's yeshivah	ul. Warszawska 21 (at first), ul. Spadek (later)
5	Reb Pinches Arkusz, Talmud teacher of 3 classes (Gerer chassid)	Stary Rynek 9, at Mrs Gold's	22	Reb Mojsze Szlojme Weksler, Talmud With Tosafot	ul. Spadek
6	Reb Mendel Bialik (or Blas?) (before “Machzikei Hadas” was established)	ul. Nadrzeczna	23	Reb Majer Zonszajn (“Der Piltzer”) had at first an independent cheider for Talmud and later taught at “Machzikei Hadas” (Stryków chassid)
7	Reb Mendel Blacharz, melamed at “Machzikei Hadas”	At the yard of “Machzikei Hadas”	24	Reb Chaim Hersz Tajnski	Nowy Rynek, at the Wajchselfisz house
8	Reb Benyumin Melamed, Talmud (one of the old Kotzker Chassidicim)	ul. Garncarska	25	Reb Jankel Triskolaser Zombek (Jankel The Tall), Pentateuch and Talmud (Gerer chassid)	ul. Senatorska
9	Reb Herszel Besserglik (Wolbromer) Talmud (Gerer chassid)	ul. Mostowa	26	Reb Leizer Jakubowicz, 5th grade at “Machzikei Hadas”
10		Reb Szaja Ber, 2nd grade at “MachzikeiHadas”	27	Reb Leizer Landsman (“The White Head”) taught at the “Aguda” cheders	ul. Ogrodowa 9
11	Reb Dov Berliner, Pentateuch (Radomsko chassid)	ul. Rzeźnicka 12	28	Reb Dawid Landsman, Talmud at the same cheders“
12	Reb Szmul Graden, Pentateuch and Talmud	ul. Senatorska	29	Reb Jechiel Landsman, independent cheder for Pentateuch with Rashi	Stary Rynek 12
13	Reb (??) “The Gambler”, taught infants and Pentateuch	ul. Rzeźnicka 7	30	Reb Benjamin Litwak Wierzbicki, Pentateuch with Rashi. Made Aliyah before the State of Israel was created. Died in Jerusalem	ul. Rzeźnicka
14	Reb Jechiel Grylak, Talmud	ul. Ogrodowa	31	Reb Lajbel Landau, infants (Kromołów chassid)	Nowy Rynek (at first), ul.Senatorska 7 (later)
15	Reb Józef Grin, infants (Aleksander chassid)	ul. Warszawska 21	32	Reb Lajbel Melamed, 2nd grade at “Keser Torah” Yeshive (Radomsko chassid)
16	Reb Mordka Jechiel Grin (Józef's son), Taught with his father up to Pentateuch		33	Reb Abram Szaja Lewenhof, Talmud at his own cheder at first and later at “Machzikei Hadas”	ul. Garncarska (his own cheder)
17	Reb Emanuel “The Burnt”, Talmud (“the burnt melamed”)	ul. Warszawska 21	34	Reb Izaak Majorek, at “Machzikei Hadas” (Aleksander chassid)

Reb Faywel Fajwlowicz z”l		The pupils of Reb Pinches Arkusz's cheder (at the Stary Rynek) First row (right to left): 1.) Erlich; 2.) Leib Zilber; 3.) Openhajm; 4.) Simche Szancer; 5.) Unknown; 6.) Bruin; 7.) Rozenblat (the son of a scribe who emigrated to the United States); 8.) Kilsztajn. Second row (as above): 1.) Unknown; 2.) Jakób Kohn; 3.) Windman 4.) Gotlib; 5.) Zvi Kantor; 6.) Justman; 7.) Juda Zilber; 8.) Unknown; 9.) Jakubowicz Third row: 1.) Unknown; 2.) Urbach.

Riots against the Jews in Tsarist Russia, at the beginning of the 20^th century, stirred Rabbis and religious Jews to protest by calling a general fast, which would double as a day of prayer and as entreaties to God, that he should protect the rest of His People in this country.

In our city Częstochowa, as well, the local rabbinate announced a day of fasting, a “Little Yom Kippur”, on the Monday of the weekly [Torah[ portion “Toldos” [“Descendants”, Genesis 25:19– 28:9], the eve of the first of Kislev [27^th November] 5666 (1905), with the option of redeeming oneself with donations [instead of fasting] for the victims of the riots throughout the land.

On the day of fasting, centres were organised at the Kehilla and at all the public offices for the collection of donations from the townspeople for this cause. Respected individuals sat in all the public places and managed the collection. In praise of the Częstochowa Jews, we should relate that they swarmed in great numbers and brought their donations generously.

As a true testimony, the announcement has remained which the Częstochowa Rabbinical Court made at the time, which we present here in its original form:

[Pages 567-570]

Following the death of the Rim of Ger, he became a disciple of Reb Chanoch–Henech Lewin, the Rebbe of Aleksander and, after he too passed away, Reb Pinches Menachem became a follower of the “Sfas Emes” and eventually also became his brother–in–law. He chose dealing in books as his source of income. He continued sitting and studying the Torah as well as working and had many disciples. He gained renown for his favourable personal traits. Following the death of his brother–in–law the “Sfas Emes”, he acquiesced to the entreaties of his friends that he should accept the post of City Rabbi in Pilica. However, after a few years, when many followers were coming to visit him, he passed the position of City Rabbi to his youngest son Reb Chanoch Gad and contented himself with being a Chassidic Rebbe, to which he dedicated all his time.

Pilica Chassidism consolidated quickly and encompassed many thousands. From towns all over Poland, they thronged to it in order to become infused with Rebbe Pinches Menachem's Torah and Chassidism. The tzadik himself was of a sensitive character and, in his book “Sifsei Tzadik” [Lips of the Tz.], he attempted to also express his musical emotions. Among the Chassidim who came to Pilica to visit him on Shabbes and holidays were renowned singers–composers, who brought with them the musical atmosphere, as well as a new “crop” of melodies. The new melody for “Akdumes”^[3], which was a tradition in the Gerer dynasty, was inaugurated each year in both places.

The main singer–composer in Pilica was Reb Mendel Fruman, whose heart burned with true passion and dedication to music. He directed the singing at the Rebbe's court together with his two sons/helpers. When the Rebbe moved to Częstochowa, Reb Mendel would come there for the High Holidays and [the other] holidays and would lead the prayer services, animating the prayers with his sweet melodies and pleasant voice.

Rebbe Pinches Menachem Justman moved to Wieruszów in 5675 [1915] and, from there, to Częstochowa in 5678 [1918], where he lived until his death. He made his will five times, each time adding something new. His will is filled with Torah and the fear of God and served as a guide for his household and followers.

Rebbe Pinches Menachem passed away on Shabbes, the week of [the portion] Vayishlach^[4] [And He Sent; Genesis 32:4–36:43], 10^th Kislev 5681 [21^st November 1920] and was brought to eternal rest in the Częstochowa cemetery, in the presence of tens of thousands of people. (He was succeeded by his son, Rebbe Chanoch Gad, who died in the Holocaust, together with all the House of Israel, may God avenge their blood).

Translator's footnotes:

1. The first Gerer Rebbe, also known as the “Chidushei HaRim”, i.e., The Innovations of “Ri”m”, an acronym for his name Rabbi Icchok Majer.Return
2. Heb. “The Language of Truth” is the name of the book whereby its author is known, Rebbe Juda Aryeh Leib of Ger, the son of the “Chidushei HaRim,” and his successor as second Gerer Rebbe.Return
3. “Introductions”; a liturgical poem in Aramaic which is recited in public on the holiday of Shvies (Shavuot).Return
4. The section read on that Shabbes was the preceding one, “Vayetzei” (“And He Left”, Genesis 28:10–32:3). After sundown the week of “Vayishlach” began.Return

[Pages 569-572]

I was requested by those gathering material about the city of Częstochowa, its righteous men and great ones and about all those who brought it fame among the Jewry in Poland, to participate in this great mitzvah.

I thought about this and asked myself, “Of whom should I write if not of my Teacher and Master in Torah and Chassidism, the great light in the lives of the Jews in Poland, which shone during his last years on Częstochowa and its residents, the Rebbe of Pilica ztz”l, in whose shade I was privileged to huddle and drink in his Torah and wisdom?”

This is indeed a difficult task, for if I were to set forth his genealogy and biography, I would need to compose a large book and not limit myself to this short article, in which I can only recount the smallest part of his saintly ways in matters of Torah and pious deeds that I saw and heard. I am sure that others, among his admirers, will be found to mention, in our book, his origins, the essence of his character and his propitious deeds prior to his settling in our city of Częstochowa.

I would like to present just a few incidents. I remember the following occurrence:

Early one the morning, when the worshippers at his study–hall were already wrapped in their prayer shawls and had donned their phylacteries and were awaiting the Rebbe's entrance to commence the service, four small boys and girls burst into the prayer–house, all four weeping and uttering such cries that horrified the congregation and, from their mouths, came the heart–rending pleas, “Woe to us! Woe, our father!”

One of the worshippers, who knew that the children were the sons of Reb Izaak Jonatan Rubinsztajn, a pious man with Torah knowledge and also a well–known local flour merchant, ran to this man's house, which was on ul. Warszawska, in front of the Rebbe's apartment. He found him in bed, literally dying, with his wife and the rest of his children and those of his poor wife around him (I should mention the dying man's misfortune, who after losing the wife of his youth and remaining with his orphans, he married a second wife, who had children from her first husband and, over the course of time, they had other children together. He had to provide for all the three groups of children).

When the Rebbe ztz”l heard the details of the affair, he ordered the children, who had burst into his prayer–house, to open the “Holy Ark” and to pray to God that he should save their dying father. The Rebbe shut himself up in his room and ordered us to recite psalms and to pray for Reb Izaak Jonatan's life. When we had concluded saying psalms and saw that the Rebbe was still closeted in his chamber and had not come out to pray, we became very concerned and his shames, Reb Ezriel, knocked on the door. Receiving no response, we approached the door and listened carefully. We heard as if the Rebbe was speaking with someone. Reb Ezriel feared that, during the recitation of psalms, some follower had entered and was bothering the Rebbe. The shames opened the door and discovered that there was no one there but the Rebbe, who was prostrated on the floor and praying fervently for the dying man. Afterwards, the Rebbe raised himself up and entered the prayer–house, crowned with phylacteries and wrapped in his prayer–shawl and we all prayed together for the sick man's life.

To the joy of the congregation, God heard his prayers and, after a few days, the man recovered and went on to become the father of twelve children, his own and those of his second wife. All the doctors who had treated the patient said that it was “a miracle from heaven”, for he had no longer any natural hope of recovery.

Another characteristic incident, which should be mentioned in our book and which inspired great wonder in its day, is the story of Dawid Windman. The repentant barber–surgeon (who is also mentioned in our book) was once called to the Rebbe, when the latter was not feeling well and they had a conversation (but nobody knew what they spoke about), after which this medic changed into a different man. He began growing a beard and observing the religious precepts assiduously. He was henceforth a “repentant sinner”, all due to the influence of the Rebbe of Pilica. He also became the doctor who treated the Rebbe for his illnesses.

Also, on the dreadful Shabbes (Vayishlach portion, 10^th Kislev 5681) on which the Rebbe's sainted soul departed in holiness and purity, when the Rebbe felt unwell during the “third meal”, he called for Dawid Windman. But it had been decreed from God and his pure soul came to rest and our Master ascended into heaven by a whirlwind^[1]!

As my words draw to a close, I wish to praise the Lord for having given me the privilege to enjoy the radiance of the Rebbe's Torah and holiness, literally to his last day, for on the Thursday of Vayishlach – two days before his death – I was in his chamber for a lesson in “Yoreh De'ah” [Halachic laws] and this privilege, which I was given, will console me for the tzadik ztz”l (and for the whole House of Israel in Częstochowa, who were annihilated by the relentless enemy, may his name and memory be obliterated!).

Translator's footnote:

1. Not literally; the expression is Biblical – see 2 Kings 2:1.Return

[Pages 571-576]

The Rebbe Reb Chanoch Henech Gad Justman hy”d

Reb Chanoch Henech was born in 5644 [1883] in Ger [Góra Kalwaria], to his father Reb Pinches Eluzor Justman ztz”l, the Rebbe of Pilica and author of the book “Sifsei Tzadik” on the Pentateuch, the grandson of the “Chidushei Ha'Rim” and brother–in–law of the Gerer Rebbe, author of the book “Sfas Emes”, and to his mother the Rebbetzin Hendel Lea, daughter of the Rabbi Reb Awrum Mordche z”l, the “Chidushei Ha'Rim's” only son.

Reb Chanoch Henech Gad was his parents' favourite child. From his infancy and until after his wedding, they always lived together. Already in childhood, outstanding talents were discovered in him. He had a wonderful memory, a quick perception and a comprehension of matters at an adult level. His steadfastness and diligence [in study] were wondrous. He studied day and night. He always huddled in his father the Rebbe's shade and learned much from him. Likewise, he also drew from the source of saintly inspiration of the “Sfas Emes” ztz”l and the tens of thousands of Chassidim who thronged and streamed to Ger – the largest Chassidic centre in the history of Chassidism – among whom were the most distinguished and acclaimed rabbis, prodigies, Torah scholars and pious men in Poland.

In this atmosphere of Torah, Chassidism and sanctity, Reb Henech was raised and, in it, he put all his might in Torah.

At the age of sixteen, he married the daughter of Reb Mojsze Chaim Halperin z”l, who was a grandson of the “Chidushei Ha'Rim's” brother. After his wedding, he received room and board from his father–in–law and, there, he continued persevering in Torah [study] and the service [of God] and was considered one of the most illustrious young married men in Łódź.

Following the death of the “Sfas Emes”, when his father Reb Pinches Menachem Eluzor ztz”l accepted the position of Rabbi of Pilica, in place of the Rabbi and prodigy Rabbi Pinches Rotenberg ztz”l, and also became a Chassidic Rebbe, his son also moved there and, by his father's demand, they both performed the rabbinical duties. He dedicated himself fully to carrying the rabbinical yoke together with his father. At the same time, he also studied and served [God]. He literally never stopped studying the Talmud and Halacha and his persistence was boundless. When his father moved to Wieruszów in 5675 [1915] and acted there as Rebbe, despite the entreaties of the Pilica townspeople not to leave them, his son also moved there and was accepted as Rabbi of Wieruszów.

Three years later, the First World War end and the righteous Rebbetzin Mrs Hendel Lea z”l died. When the town of Wieruszów became the front–line in the War and the Jews suffered greatly, and the Rebbe Reb Pinches Menachem ztz”l had been literally miraculously saved from the Poles who had been searching for him specifically and wanted to hurt him, his father the Rebbe moved to Częstochowa, where he acted as Rebbe, and his son Reb Chanoch Henech remained in Wieruszów until after his father's death in 5681 [1920].

In the circles of Chassidim, it was remarked that the Rebbe Reb Pinches Menachem ztz”l had invited his son to come visit him for the Shabbes of “Vayetzei” ^[1] – the day of his death – long in advance, but due to various public troubles that he had in Wieruszów, his journey was postponed and he was not present at his father's death.

Following his father's death, Reb Chanoch Henech Gad ztz”l was crowned “Rebbe of Pilica” and settled in Częstochowa. Many followers began swarming to him to hear words of Torah and to receive his advice and judgement. His special personality, with which he had been endowed from childhood, attracted a large number of admirers to him.

He was generous and of a good disposition. He shared the troubles of others, felt the pain of each and every Jew and there was no limit to his love for people. He was never seen angry [and] was naturally humble. The Torah addresses he delivered at his table ^[2] were very passionate and animated. In his letters to his followers, he always stressed the importance of peace and unity, of setting fixed Torah lessons and public prayer.

In his days, the yeshivah named for the “Sifsei Tzadik” was founded in Częstochowa, which he managed. A few dozen pupils from Częstochowa and the neighbouring towns studied Talmud and Halacha there.

In 5691 [1931] he was appointed Rabbi of Wieluń and, there too, he did much to strengthen Torah and Judaism.

(With the onset of the Second World War in 5699 [1939], Wieluń was among the first locations bombed by the Germans. Mere minutes after the Rebbe and his family had left their home, it was bombed and burnt. After many hardships, he arrived with his entire family in Częstochowa, where they lived with the Grajcer family, at Aleja 4. During the war years, he endeavoured to strengthen and encourage the public. Conferences of Rebbes and Rabbis, who were at the time in Częstochowa, were held at his home, from which various directives and regulations emerged. He was also in contact with the rabbis and activists in other places. Despite the danger at the time, the Rebbe held “tables” with Torah addresses and words of encouragement, as well as public lessons on Talmud with Tosafot and on Mishna. He arose every morning at 6:00 and waited at the door of his house for the night–curfew to end, so that he could go to the study–hall at ul. Warszawska 23. He did this to the last bitter and unexpected day – Yom Kippur of 5703 [10^th September 1942]. When the rumour had spread that they were about to annihilate the entire ghetto, he gathered his children and the relatives who prayed within his inner circle, bade farewell to them and ordered them to go to their homes. In the evening, after much pleading, he agreed to move to the Stary Rynek to Reb Szyja Bratt, who had prepared a “good shelter” in which he wished to house the Rebbe ztz”l and his family. However, in the end, he refused to conceal himself because he was unable to do so, as hundreds of people had gathered around him, to be with him in his last hours. He said: “ As long as I'm alive, I will live both as a Jew and as a person, along with all the Jews”. Even just a few hours before the “Akcja”, he did not stop studying and he said to his close ones, “Even though everything has been done to annul the evil decree, what can we do if it has already been sealed, and the time is short, [but] to soak in as much Torah and fear of God as is possible?” The Rebbe went out to the Akcja without looking at the faces of the Germans, may their name be obliterated, leaning on his son, the rabbi Reb Szyja Srul Herszel z”l, who was holding his three–year–old son Icchok Majer in his arms, and with him was the Rebbetzin Dwojre Majtel and the rest of the household. People who had walked next to him later told that they heard him exclaim, “We may be being punished for not doing enough for the Land of Israel!”.

One man who fled Treblinka said that the Rebbe ztz”l had refused to take his Tallis Kuton ^[3] off and was thus shot on the spot. May God avenge the blood of the martyrs!)

Translator's footnotes:

1. See above, p.291Return
2. At all Chassidic courts it is the custom that on special occasions a great table is set in the study–hall or synagogue, and the Rebbe and his followers share a festive meal. The Rebbe speaks about the specific holiday etc. and there is much singing, dancing and merry–making. This tradition is simply called “Tisch”, i.e., “Table”.Return
3. “Small prayer–shawl”, a fringed garment traditionally worn either under or over one's clothing by Jewish males. It is a poncho–like garment with a hole for the head and special twined and knotted fringes known as “tzitzis” attached to its four corners. It is considered a “mitzvah” to wear this garment during the day.Return

[Pages 575-578]

The Rebbe of Żarki, Rebbe Duwid Aron Twersi hy”d

The Rebbe Reb Duwid Aron put down roots and acquired a large following. He conducted his leadership with great magnificence. He was of an average stature, handsome and of noble features. All his garments were of silk. Most of the addresses he delivered at his table were built on gematria [Jewish numerology]. His voice was pleasant and many enjoyed his singing. Multitudes attended his “Hakufes” on Simchas Torah. He danced at the centre of the “circuit” with a Torah scroll in his arms and each and every “circuit” lasted for about a quarter of an hour ^[2]. His followers accompanied him with thunderous singing and clapping. His prolonged “shaking” of the “four species” on “Hoshana Rabba” ^[3] was also a work of art.

The splendour and magnificence reached their peak at the Passover Seder. Separate tables were set in his study hall for the men and for the women, who were headed by the Rebbetzin. The tables were laden with many silver and gold [vessels and] utensils, and his followers felt as in a royal palace. Their son–in–law Reb Awrum Szapira also added to the very impressive ceremonies. He was tall of stature and sang well, and would sing Modzitz ^[4] melodies, especially Modzitz's famous “Bemotzuei Yom Menyche” [After the Day of Rest].

Prior to the First World War, the Rebbe married off his daughter Rayze'le. Her grandfather attended the wedding, together with the rest of his sons, who had, by then, settled in different locations. A great multitude then surged to town, until it could not contain them. The wedding and the festivities during the week of the “Sheva Bruches” [Seven Blessings] were held with great pomp. Music and jesters entertained the guests.

(The Rebbe of Żarki, as mentioned above, lived during his last years in Częstochowa and perished there with all the House of Israel, who were murdered by the cruel Nazis. May God avenge their spilt blood!)

Translator's footnotes:

1. Reb Duwid Aron Twerski was the son of Reb Yankev Leib of Trisk [Turisk, Ukraine]; son of Reb Mordechai Zishe of Trisk–Iasi; son of Reb Menachem Nuchem; son of the “Trisker Maggid”, Reb Awrum; son of Reb Mordche, The “Maggid of Chernobyl”; son of Reb Menachem Nuchem of Chernobyl, one of the distinct fathers of Chassidism.Return
2. There are 7 “circuits” in the “Hakufes”.Return
3. Aramaic, “Great Supplication”; this is the last day of the High Holidays, on which evil decrees for the year may still be changed. “Circuits” are made, carrying the “four species” used for the festival of Sukkos, which are shaken to emphasise the prayers.Return
4. Polish Chassidic dynasty renowned for its melodies which derives its name from Modrzyce, one of the boroughs of the town of Dęblin.Return

[Pages 577-580]

The Rebbe Reb Awigdor Szapira ztz”l

He was born in Kazanów in 5640 [1880] and was raised in Przytyk. Already in his youth, he was distinguished for his great perseverance in study, his holiness and wisdom. He was particularly good–hearted, in the full sense of the word. When he was about thirteen–years–old, he came to Kazanów to his grandfather the Rabbi, who dallied with him and sat him next to himself. Henceforth, he spent whole nights studying and serving God and gained renown as a great young prodigy.

In 5658 [1898], he married the daughter of the Rabbi of Widoma, who was descended from the “Muor Vushemesh” ^[1], the “Good Jew ^[2]” of Neustadt [Nowy Korczyn], and other rabbis and prodigies.

The local Rabbi and Head of Court, the famous prodigy Reb Leib Charif, who was originally from Przedbórz, took to the young married man Reb Awigdor, whom he viewed as a distinct Torah scholar, and would spend time with him discussing Torah and Halacha. In 5660 [1900], Reb Awigdor settled in Częstochowa, throughout which he immediately became famous, especially among the simple people, as an extraordinary man of exalted attributes, a true lover of the People of Israel, who was always prepared to act selflessly for the good of the public and the individual. Many flocked to him for advice and guidance and presented him with “notes” ^[3] and “redemption money” ^[4], as was the custom then among Jews. But he refused to take money from poor people. In those cases, it was quite the contrary. He would help them generously with his own money, and even above his means, although he himself lived in a state of great privation.

The Rebbe Reb Awigdor was an “Agudas Yisroel” affiliate and he, therefore, was opposed to Zionist activity and even to that of “Ha'Mizrachi” and “Tzeirei Ha'Mizrachi”. However, knowing that the Rabbi of Częstochowa, Reb Nuchem Asz, was great in Torah and God–fearing, diligent in the observance of the lightest precepts as in that of the most severe ones, he showed him great respect, and their friendship continued for many years. Rabbi Asz also agreed that Reb Awigdor's son–in–law, Reb Józef Rubin, be appointed as one of the [rabbinical] judges in Częstochowa.

As a rule, Reb Awigdor was not a natural zealot. He understood the spirit of the times and spoke well of every Jew, saying that there were usually no evil Jews, and that Jews did not sin, and if it sometimes happened that a Jew did commit some sin, he was convinced that he would eventually repent. “A Jew does not leave this world as a sinner, and every Jew repents before his death” is something which the Rebbe repeated often.

He particularly excelled in his love for Jewish children – the pupils at the cheders – whom he called “little angels”. He would gather around him the children from the cheder, which he had founded, and give out sweets and treats to them. This was his greatest pleasure.

The Rebbe Reb Awigdor'l died on Shabbes, 18^th Adar 18 5688 [10^th March 1928], at the age of forty eight, and was laid to rest on the following day. The Częstochowa Jews, who cherished him when he was alive, showed him their respect after death as well and almost all of the city's Jewish residents participated in his funeral.

He left three sons – Józef Burech, Jankew Icchok and Elimelech and three daughters – Perl, Jochewed and Fajgel, who married Rebbe Joel Teitelbaum, the famous Satmar [Satu Mare] Rebbe, who lives in Brooklyn (the rest of his children were annihilated by the relentless enemy, may his name be obliterated).

Translator's footnotes:

1. Also pronounced “Maor Vashemesh”, Heb. “Light and Sun”; name of book by which its author Rabbi Kalonymus Kalman HaLevi Epstein is known.Return
2. I.e., miracle worker. This was Reb Josef Burech, the son of the “Muor Vushemesh”.Return
3. Known as a “kvitel” in Yid.; a note with the person's name and mother's name, specifying the particular problem he/she had.Return
4. See above, p.290.Return

[Pages 579-580]

Rebbe Szulim (Awrum Szulim Pinches) was the first–born son of the Rebbe of Wolbrom, Rebbe Alter Majer Duwid Ha'Levi Rotenberg, son of Rebbe Icchok Menachem [Mendel], founder of the Wolbrom dynasty.

Rebbe Szulim was, at first, Rebbe in Zawiercie and, from there, moved to Częstochowa. Most of his followers were the simple people of the masses, who held fast by their Rebbe and loved him greatly. Reb Szulim taught them good ways and guided them to put their trust in God.

He led the prayer service on weekdays and on Shabbes. His voice was strong and pleasant. His intonation was emotional, wailing and passionate. He recited psalms in a pure outpouring of begging and pleading and, even on holidays and joyful days, he did not change his invariably sorrowful and tearful tone.

The Rebbe Reb Szulim died at the close of the Shabbes of the portion “Lech–Lechu” [Get Thee Out; Genesis 12:1–17:27] 5690 [16^th November 1929], at the age of sixty two. On Sunday, a great multitude of Chassidim came to Częstochowa and, among them, were the rabbis of the neighbouring areas and the Rebbes of Pińczów (Sosnowiec), Tomaszów and Będzin. Thousands attended his funeral. He was eulogised by his two sons, Reb Mojsze and Reb Jankew. His elder son, Reb Jankew, was crowned as his successor, by approval of the entire crowd. His son, the Rebbe Reb Jankew Icchok Chune, moved to Częstochowa from Miechów (Kielce region). He excelled in his perseverance in study, literally never stopping his studying.

[Pages 581-588]

On the eastern wall, to the right of the Holy Ark, hung a letter from the “Yismach Yisruel” ^[1] to his followers and, by the north wall, stood two tables, around which people sat and studied on weekdays and especially on Shabbes and holidays. Their studies varied. Some studied the Talmud with its commentaries, whilst others delved into Chassidic literature. On Shabbes and holidays two prayer services ^[2] were held, the first at 8:30 am and the second at 10:30 am.

At the shtiebel, Aleksander Chassidism fully expressed itself – in Torah study, good deeds, love, joy and seriousness as well. Those Chassidim avoided becoming involved in the politics of the Jewish parties in Poland. But the youth among them were involved with the parties and some of them were active within “Tzeirei Ha'Mizrachi”. Their path was not an easy one. They were in a difficult struggle. They were not called up to the Torah, even on Simchas Torah. It was only just before I emigrated to the Land [of Israel], that I received the privilege of being called up to the Torah.

Periodically, the Chassidim travelled to their Rebbe – to Aleksander – some for Shabbes and others for holidays. Upon their return, they would recapitulate the Rebbe's Torah addresses. Those who could sing would teach the new melodies that they had heard in Aleksander. Reb Ezriel Dancyger was one of the more frequent travellers. He was the Rebbe's kinsman – his father Reb Mendel was the First Rebbe's second cousin. It is told of Reb Ezriel that, as a younger man, when he travelled to Aleksander, he would take a few Chassidim who could not afford a journey to the Rebbe with him, at his own cost.

I remember, from my childhood days, that at a Festival of Sukkos celebration, a number of Chassidim gathered at a private home and decided to open a separate shtiebel. Then and there, Reb Józef Grin, Reb Emanuel the Melamed and the youths Benjamin Karmazin and Józef Gonzwa were ordered to take out a Torah scroll from the shtiebel on ul. Krakowska. I also went along with them and we arranged a prayer–house on ul. Rzeznicka. Following the death of the “Yismach Yisruel”, [some of] the “dissidents” returned to the old shtiebel. Some left and joined Biała [Rawska; a Chassidic group], and some even travelled to Stryków.

Among the prominent worshippers at this shtiebel, I remember Reb Aron Hersz Aronowicz and his sons. Among the elite, there was Reb Srul Sofer who, when leading the prayer, would pray with great passion and in a strong and pleasant voice. Reb Fajwisz Kurland, of noble features and black eyes, who was always deep in thought, as if not from this world and who eventually became a Rebbe [himself] and Reb Jankew Wolhendler, a Jew who was the embodiment of happiness, a cheerful man who brought cheer to all. On Simchas Torah, he would dance on an empty barrel with all the Chassidim around him and sing the song “Yuvoy Adir Bim'hayru” [May He Come Soon] (in Hebrew and Yiddish), with the Chassidim repeating each verse after him, and then he would sing “Om Ani Choymu” [I am a Wall; liturgical poem] (in Hebrew and Yiddish).

People said of the Aleksander Chassidim that they were drunkards. And they did indeed drink heavily on joyous religious occasions or on holidays. But, while drinking the glass and while holding it, they were bent down and immersed in discussions on Chassidic treatises from the “Yismach Yisruel” or the sayings from Vurke [Warka] and Peshischa [Przysucha] ^[3], and one could see in their faces that they had left the physical world well behind. The “shtreimel” ^[4] was slumped to one side as they burst into wordless song, filled with passion and joy. From moment to moment, the fervour and enthusiasm grew, and the feet levitated, [as is mentioned in Chassidism, that] “dancing raises one a handbreadth above the ground”. Arm in arm, shoulder to shoulder, they would go out on a Chassidic dance, in spiritual ecstasy and passion, the house filling with joy and everyone singing in Yiddish.

A great grief befell the Aleksander Chassidim, on 29^th Teives 5670 [10^th January 1910], with the death of the “Yismach Yisruel”. All felt the great loss. All eyes dimmed, as if the sun had been snuffed out in midday. All hearts were tormented by the question of how to live now? To whom should they turn after him? The study was not study, prayer was not prayer and life was not life. The Rebbe was no more, gone.

I remember the night of 29^th Teives at the shtiebel – candles were on the pulpit, above the Holy Ark and also in the windows. The house was filled with light. The tables were set and, on them, bottles of liquor and glasses, challes, bread, knives, spoons and forks [and] honey–cakes – made by Reb Józef Ber. The Chassidim sit at the table for a festive mitzvah banquet – in honour of the “Yismach Yisruel's” yuhrzeit. From time to time, new faces arrived. The Chassidim drink a lechaim [To Life; a toast] and their souls rise up, together with the flame of the “soul candles” ^[5]. During the banquet, they recapitulate the [Rebbe's] Torah addresses and discourses, tell of his ways and demeanour, from eyewitness accounts and hearsay, and then they all burst into ecstatic song, and Reb Ezriel tells stories and anecdotes from the Rebbe's life.

The eldest member in the group, Reb Srul, said:

We were in the Rebbe's study–hall for the High Holidays. The doors were wide–open, [people] arrived and entered from every side – tens, hundreds, thousands. The study–hall was full from one end to another. A festive countenance, a congregation of followers, as if the Holiday Spirit was flapping its wings. The Holiday had been consecrated in our study–hall!

Reb Jankew Frager (the renowned singer–composer at the Aleksander court) went before the pulpit ^[6] to lead the Myself ^[7] service, and began “Yisgadal” ^[8], with a physical detachment of his soul, full of spiritual ecstasy. Following the silent prayer, he began the repetition. Reb Jankew sang with the voice of a nightingale, which from its throat utters forth sublime melodies, sweetly, and the melody spread over all [our] limbs, feeding the soul from the High Table, the sound of rejoicing cherubs. And the heart yearned; the spirit was pulled, pulled. And, with a strong and mighty voice, he concluded the blessing “Mechaye Ha'Maisim” [He who Revives the Dead], and went on to “Atu Kudoish” [Thou art Hallowed], but instead of saying “Le'Dor Vu'Dor” ^[9], he finished the blessing with “Hu'Ail Ho'Kudoish” ^[10]. The crowd of worshippers was astonished. The [entire] study–hall was shocked – an unseemly act. All eyes turned to the “Yismach Yisruel”. He suddenly left his place and entered his private chambers. All comprehended at once how serious the matter was. A harsh and imposing silence [ensued]. The Rebbe tarried in his Holy Sanctum. Moments passed and each moment seemed like an hour. The Rebbe eventually returned and he motioned, with his holy hand, to Reb Jankew to continue the service. But the occurrence made an impression on everyone, and became the talk of the day.

At the close of the holiday, an awe–filled silence [prevailed] in the great chamber. All stood tightly crowded, with inspired hearts, and waited in line. And here the Rebbe's face appeared, his countenance like that of the sun in the heavens. His eyes – flashes of fire. He stood for hours, receiving his Chassidim. They entered his room one by one, to receive his farewell blessing. When Reb Jankew's turn came, the Rebbe asked him why he was in such a rush to travel off and did not bid him farewell. This was a hint that he should remain at the “court” in the Rebbe's midst and not go home. Days after days passed. Reb Jankew went in, but the Rebbe stood by his refusal.

Weeks went by and Reb Jankew became uneasy. His patience surpassed its limit and he began saying that he didn't know why he was being held up and why he wasn't being allowed to go home. When his words reached the Rebbe, he stood up from his chair, raised up both hands and said, “[May he] travel, traaaavel.” Reb Jankew travelled, and shortly afterwards – he died!

And Reb Srul continued:

“He [i.e., the Rebbe] loved [the People of] Israel. His love and compassion for any Jew were limitless and they became the main component and incentive in his service [of God]. He instilled this quality in us as well. All his deeds came mostly from his great love for all Jewish souls, which filled every crevice of his heart and soul. As for ourselves – how fortunate we are to have been able to huddle in his shade, to take up the dust of his feet and to receive some of his Torah and attributes.

And he concluded with:

To this, we should indeed drink “le'chaim”! The Chassidim poured the glasses and began drinking “Le'chaim! May his merit protect us! Le'chaim!” “May we be redeemed and consoled!

On the eve of Rosh Hashanah at the shtiebel, the congregation gathered for the holiday prayer service while it was still daylight. The house was full from one end to another. Tables and benches were set even in the corridor. Reb Awigdor Gonzwa opened the holiday, leading the prayer with extreme fervour and reached the peak of his passion on “Mizmor Le'Duvid” [A Psalm of David; Psalm 29]. All fell silent to a knock on the table. The gabay announced, “The Rebbe, long may he live, blesses us with a ksive vechasime toive [may you be inscribed and sealed for a good year]”, upon which everyone joyfully blessed each other with “may you be at once inscribed and sealed for a year of good life”.

On the morrow, the leader of the morning service (after the death of Reb Duwid Burech “Amshinover”), Reb Mojsze Mordche Klajner, who excelled with his clear and pleasant voice, went before the pulpit. On the second day, the morning service was led by Reb Duwid Tobiasz.

The Torah reading on the first day of Rosh Hashanah was carried out by Reb Jankew Józef Wajsblum, an experienced reader with an accurate pronunciation of the cantillation and vowels, all in a clear and fine voice. On the second day, the reader was Reb Herszel Skowronek (“Kłobucker”), who put more emphasis on the holiday [cantillation] melody.

The [shoifar] ^[11] blower, the mohel Reb Szlojme Wajcman, stood by the Holy Ark, always smiling. He read the blessings preceding the blasts with a trembling voice, stressing the words “to hear the sound of a horn”, “who has given us life” and the congregation's response of “amen” ^[12]. All listened with awe to the sounds emanating from the horn. After the longest blast, the Torah scrolls were returned to the Holy Ark and an atmosphere of great preparation for Mysef was felt, and complete silence reigned in the prayer–house.

Reb Awigdor approached the pulpit with awe and fear and recited, “Here am I, poor in deeds” ^[13]. His voice was not heard, only the silent weeping of one ingratiating himself before his Creator, pleading that his prayer should be accepted. The entire congregation was deep in reflection. Here and there, a groan was heard. At the end of the prayer, he turned his face to the congregation, as if asking them to help him. Reb Awigdor began, “Yisga–a–a–da–a–al” passionately and his emotion increased with each subsequent word. His three sons helped him and Reb Mojsze Mordche Klajner directed those who knew how to sing, among whose voices the pleasant one of Duwid Szlojme Kaminski stood out. Following the silent prayer, he commenced the reader's repetition. Each word was sung with both sweetness and spiritual ecstasy.

He recited the [three special blessings] “Sovereignty, Remembrances and Sounding of the Shofar”, which made the audience quiver with great expertise. The melody, filled with yearning to the words “Is Ephraim my dear son?” [Jeremiah 31:19], still rings in my ears and, with song, he also explained “A man's origin is from dust” ^[14]. Each and every word tore the heart. On “May all Your Servants Come” ^[15], the entire congregation enthusiastically joined in and helped with the special tune. And thus transpired all the prayers, intertwined with the traditional melodies of the Vurke court and some of Reb Jankew Frager's tunes. “Today You Shall Strengthen Us” and “Kaddish” were sung with melodies filled with joy and confidence, that we had been blessed with a “good seal”.

At the Mention of Souls on Yom Kippur and the Three Pilgrimage Festivals ^[16], once the congregation had finished saying “Yizkor” [Memorial Prayer], Reb Awigdor read a special blessing in the Rebbe's honour and, after the congregation had said “El Mulai Rachamim” ^[17], Reb Awigdor mentioned all the Rebbes who had passed away, from the First Rebbe of Vurke to the “Tiferes Shmiel” ^[18].

This Reb Awigdor was a unique character – a pious and humble man, who was always content with his lot, despite the fact that he passed his whole life in suffering and pain. He always sat deeply engrossed in a book. More than one person asked, “From where does such a weak body receive such strength?” No one could compete with his “Mysef” on the High Holidays. Over thirty years have passed since I last heard his “Mysef” and it still rings in my ears and my heart stirs inside me.

Reb Awigdor left no one to say “Kaddish” after his death. He did have sons and daughters, but they all died in their youth, among them his first–born son Józef – a youth of Torah and good attributes. Reb Awigdor's spirit still hovers over those who heard his prayers. All those who prayed with him, and for whom he pleaded well, have remained loyal to his spirit and, during prayer services, they recall every prayer with the melody that emanated from his pure heart. And during the Mention of Souls for kinsmen and martyrs, they would mention his name with the proper honours.

There were several unique characters at the shtiebel whom I would like to mention here – Reb Icze Pankowski, a blind man, and one of the last remaining people who had huddled in the shade of Kock; Reb Szmul Goldsztajn, a public activist and chairman of the Kehilla for many years; Reb Majer Wilczyński, a chassid filled with enthusiasm and with a sharp mind; Reb Berisz Lewi, a former ritual slaughterer, who was an expert on military strategies, which he would explain to the Chassidim; Reb Duwid Tobiasz, the leader of the morning prayer of Rosh Hashanah who, during the month of Elul [the month preceding the High Holidays], wrapped his throat in a cravat so as not to become hoarse; Reb Lewi Haberfeld, who was overly fastidious and would douse the floor with water from time to time, to prevent dust; Majtlis, a wealthy man, who was the only one in the shtiebel who wore short clothes – he only came on holidays.

Of the shtiebel's members, the following made Aliyah: Reb Berisz Tiberg, Reb Duwid Aron Wolhendler, Reb Srul Kaminski, Reb Mendel Benyumin Gelberg, Reb Mordche Menachem Kromołowski, Reb Ezriel Dancyger z”l, and (still alive) Reb Chaim Hersz Kohn, who is steeped in Torah study and teaches [at a yeshivah] in Holon.

In Adar 5685 [February–March 1925], I bade the Chassidim at the shtiebel farewell and made Aliyah. But I am still full of memories from that life, and everything appears as if alive before my eyes, and I am filled with longing. (You are very, very dear to my heart; you were innocent and honest all your lives, and absorbed in dreams of the future: some dreamed of [a better] material existence, some of mitzves and good deeds, and some of the Land of Israel. At the end, on your last road, together with the Jews of Częstochowa, [you were] driven by that villain and his helpers into pits, furnaces and annihilation in the valley of death. Where are the city's men of worth, its righteous and virtuous ones and those of pure ways? How could you have been destroyed?

(In painful silence, with burning sorrow, tearfully, I have written these memories. The wound is deep in my body and, in my soul, it shall not heal!)

Translator's footnotes:

1. “Israel shall Rejoice”, title of the book by Rebbe Rachmiel Srul Icchok Dancyger (1828–1894), founder of the Aleksander dynasty.Return
2. For two separate groups.Return
3. The “Yismach Yisruel” was a disciple of Rebbe Icchok Kalisz of Vurke, who was in turn a disciple of Rebbe Simche Binem of Peshischa.Return
4. Festive fur hat worm by married Chassidic men.Return
5. Memorial candles that are lit to “lift up” the deceased one's soul.Return
6. In Judaism, the pulpit faces not the congregation but the Eastern Wall, and the leader of prayer conducts the service with his back to the congregation.Return
7. Also pronounced “Musaf”, “Addition” in Heb.; second part of morning prayer service, which is only “added” on Shabbes or holidays.Return
8. First word of the “Kaddish” preceding the “silent prayer”, which is then followed by an out–loud repetition by the cantor.Return
9. “For all Generations”; a liturgical poem which is specific to the Rosh Hashanah service at this point.Return
10. “The Hallowed God”, the weekday ending of this section; meaning that Reb Jankew had made a mistake and, instead of reading the specific liturgy pertaining to Rosh Hashanah, he had simply continued as on a regular day.Return
11. Horn, usually a ram's one.Return
12. Pronounced “umain” in Poland.Return
13. A liturgical poem recited by the cantor prior to Musaf on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.Return
14. From the liturgical poem “Unesanneh Tokef” (“Let us Speak of the Awesomeness”).Return
15. A liturgical hymn.Return
16. Sukkos, Peisach and Shavuos.Return
17. “God full of Mercy”; also a memorial prayer.Return
18. “Magnificence of Samuel”, by Rebbe Szmil Zvi Dancyger, the brother and successor of the “Yismach Yisruel”.Return

[Pages 587-588]

My memories are from my childhood and up to when I left Częstochowa in 1919.

The Otwock shtiebel was at the house of my grandfather, Reb Aba'le Shoichet [ritual slaughterer] (Kaufman), at ul. Targowa 8 (the meat–market street). The members of that shtiebel were:

• my great–grandfather, Reb Mojsze Shoichet;
• y grandfather, Reb Aba'le Shoichet, and his sons: Reb Józef Majer and my father, Reb Menachem Mendel hy”d;
• Reb Binem;
• Reb Aleksander Ziskind;
• Reb Gronam and Reb Mordche Nechemie, his son–in–law, Reb Leibisz Sztajnfeld, who led the morning prayer and read the Torah on the High Holidays;
• Reb Zajnwel (Shoichet) Borzykowski, who led the Mysef prayer on the High Holidays and his son Reb Mordche Jankew, who blew the shoifar;
• Reb Majer Kaufman and his son Reb Mendel Kaufman;
• Reb Ze'ev Wolf Kaufman and his son Burech Duwid;
• Reb Srul Duwid Okladek (Warszawer), who had travelled to the “Middle Rebbe” of Vurke ^[1], and his sons: Reb Aron Alter, Reb Icze Majer and Reb Leizer, and his son–in–law, Reb Szlojme Grosberg, the renowned mohel, and Reb Berl Pelc.

In later years, about 1904, my grandfather Reb Aba'le Shoichet left his flat on ul. Targowa and moved to Nowy Rynek 13 and, at approximately the same time, the shtiebel was also moved from No.8 to No.69 on the same street, to the house of Reb Mendel Pelc. Above it was the Radomsko shtiebel and there was also another minyan in the same building (at the house of the melamed Reb Benjamin Litwak).

Translator's footnote:

1. Rebbe Mordechai Menachem Mendel Kalisz, 1819–1868.Return

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