Translated by Yocheved Klausner

Beginning
We do not create History - it creates itself	9
Early days of Hungarian Jewry	9
Documents about aid to the hungry	9
Discoveries about the first Jews in Borsa	10
Change of rulers in Borsa	10
Two hundred and fifty years in twelve chapters	11
Not all the first settlers are remembered	12
Borsa becomes famous	13
Borsa removed its nickname “Beer Sheva”	13
Acknowledgment - “Thank you” to our supporters	14
The Memory of Borsa - how this Book was Created	15
The Beginnings of Borsa
A forgotten corner on the Holocaust Map	19
Introduction
The “birth” of this book	25
First Memorial Days - Eulogies	26
Eulogies on Memorial Days during the years	27
Exerpts from Eulogies	28
Writing this Book - excerpts from letters of support	30
Memories - and how they have been collected	33
The Introduction
About the Introduction	36
The restrictions continue…	38
Some of the restrictions did not reach Borsa	38
Not easy to write	39
Remember the covenant	39
Listen and reply	40
It was written once and twice	40
What we have taken from Borsa and given in return	40
The reason this book was written	40
The goal of this book and its benefits	41
Is this Borsa?	41
The first signs of disrespect	41
Borsa in the Austro-Hungarian Expanse
Borsa - its place in the area	44
Borsa on the map	44
The name of the place, Borsa	44
The center of Borsa, East of “the bridge”	46
The center of Borsa	47
The heart of Borsa	48
Streets in Borsa	48
The Three Cemeteries	49
The New Cemetery	49
The Third Cemetery	49
In the neighborhood of Borsa	50
Non-Jewish refugees escaping to Borsa	51
Tired from wandering, finally finding rest	51
The four ways of the Jews' wandering to Maramures	51
The age of Jewish Borsa	52
The name “Borsa”	52
A geological eon in Borsa	52
Noah and his Ark in Borsa	53
The Pietrus Mountain	53
“Jacob's Ladder” will wait for the future	54
A stone fence that guards the BESH”T's garden	54
The small lake on the mountain	55
Borsa, its location and its history	55
The town at the gate of the Carpathian Moubtains	55
Wanderings of the Borsa Jews	56
Good neighbors	56
There was no Anti-Semitism in Borsa	56
The superiority of the Jew	56
The Gentile neighbors	56
How Jewish Borsa came to be	57
When and From Where Did the First Jew of Borşa Come	57
The Legend of the Three	57
The Austrian Emperor in Borsa	58
Avraham the peasant - King of Poland, and Avraham - King of Stokorau	59
Avraham Chaim the First	59
According to Bluma's story (the Second)	60
Settlement	60
Waters flooded the mountains	61
Borsa is building its houses	61
The Pintina - a suburb of Borsa	61
Rivers and streams in Borsa	62
The tall mountain	62
The three languages spoken by Jews	63
Language research in Borsa	64
The story of the Amulet	67
The Gold	67
Small letters written on parchment - dearer than gold	68
The Rabbi and the Messiah
The Hassidim spoiled the belief in the Coming of the Messiah	68
The Rabbi-Messiah	69
“Menachem” is “Tzemach”	69
A daring letter from the rabbi of Beregszaz	70
The fear of the Hassidim is growing and growing	70
The Rabbi and his House
The Baal-Shem-Tov's garden	71
Honoring the ADMORs in Borsa	72
Visit of the ADMORs	73
From Zidiczow to Borsa	73
Borsa Jews visit the courts of the various ADMORs	73
Borsa Hassidism	73
The name of the village blended with the name of the rabbi	74
R'Alterl's “sweet dream”	74
Borsa is a match for its rabbi and the rabbi is a match for Borsa	75
The family of the Borsa ADMOR 1893 (5653)	75
The Rabbi's house	76
The fate of the Bortos monastery was sealed	76
The history of R'Alterl	77
A remedy against the plague	77
Rav Alter-Menachem-Mendel Hager	77
Hospitality	77
The last holy flame of hospitality	78
Miracles at the Rabbi's house	79
The poor were seen at the rabbi's house - humility was not	79
The Borsa Rabbi's “miracles” - as seen by the plain folk	80
A prayer that penetrates the Heavens	81
When the lion roars - who fears? [based on Amos 3:8]	81
The second miracle	84
The Rabbi and “The War of the Heders” [heder = Torah class for young children]	85
The rabbi had wheels	86
The rabbi's “teachings”	88
A unification of dynasties	89
The rabbi transfers his court to another town	89
“All is foreseen but freedom of choice is given”	90
Important dates in the rabbi's life and family	91
The “ADMOR hunt” in Borsa	91
Hassidism - the essence of Borsa	91
R'Alter	93
R'Alter is “wasting” more than one Chumash [Pentateuch]	93
The first sermon	94
Both are Zionists - Heaven forbid!	95
Twelve synagogues	96
The Borsa synagogues	96
The Upper and the Lower Synagogue, and the sexton	97
The “Lower” synagogue	97
The Upper synagogue	97
The members of the Upper Synagogue	98
The attendant (sexton) and the lady-attendant	98
In the back of the Upper Synagogue	99
The learned scholars	99
The Etz Chayim [“tree of life”] Synagogue	100
The history of the Etz Chayim synagogue	101
R'Yakov Rosenberg I makes Aliya to Eretz Israel	101
R'Yakov Rosenberg II is following his father's tradition	101
Why the name Etz Chayim?	102
The “Last” Synagogue	102
The Zidiczow Kloiz in Borsa	102
Zionism in Borsa passed through the Bet Midrash	104
A pupil prays and mourns his burned up Heder	104
Pawning the Prayer Shawls on Simchat Torah	104
“The Old Synagogue” [Di Alte shul]	104
The Volunteer	105
The charity of R'Wolf	105
Wolf is not afraid of the Morning Blessings [Birchot Hashachar]	106
The ritual baths [Mikve] in Borsa	106
“Beating” in the bathhouse	107
The broom is beating the father and hurting the son	107
The “broom” - or “Sights in Elimelech's Bathhouse”	107
Shabat and Holidays
Shabat in the Upper Synagogue	109
Shabat days and Holidays	110
The Melamdim's Sabbath	111
The young men's Sabbath	111
The girls' Sabbath	111
The laborers' Sabbath	112
The shoemaker's Sabbath	112
Elya the tailor's Sabbath	112
Mirel's Sabbath	112
The Sabbath of the well-to-do	113
Israel Yakov's Sabbath	113
Sheindil	113
The wire-woman's Sabbath	113
Shlomo's Sabbath	113
Refuel'tchik's Sabbath	114
Hersheli the bathhouse-keeper's Sabbath	114
Yankel-Ite's' Sabbath	114
Berele Rubinstein's Sabbath	114
The Hoshana-Raba day	115
Hoshana-Raba night	115
The Lulav performs miracles	116
A tale of three shkotzim (from the East)	116
The Law of the Harvest (poem by G. S.)	118
How to obtain Hoshanot in Borsa	119
The trees that grew in Borsa	119
Exploitation and strike at the matzah baking for Passover	120
Matzot on the eve of Passover	120
R'Wolf and his son - from the upper end of Borsa	122
The Vishiva river	124
The path to the “Intervador” [a large area of fields and pastures]	125
Cantors
Cantors in Borsa	125
Blessed be the One who has chosen them	126
Where have the Borsa cantors learned their melodies	127
The choir - the cantor's helpers	127
Ritual slaughterer, Mohel (circumciser) and …composer	127
The Jewish “Vallach” [song]	128
In Borsa they did not sing Lecha Dodi [part of the the Sabbath evening prayer]	128
A cantor's blunder	128
Borsa follows the Wishiva cantors	129
Rabbis of Borsa origin served in many other places	129
The Borsa rabbis and Dayanim [judges in religious court]	129
Slaughterers and Mohalim [circumcisers]	130
Cantors and prayer leaders	130
Heads of the Community	130
Societies and Institutions
Chevra Kadisha [Burial Society]	130
The Zionist Movements	130
The fifteen Borsa slaughterers	130
R'Moshe'le the Dayan [judge] and his way of judgment	131
R'Michael the watchmaker - builder of synagogues and factories	133
R'Avraham Chaim the slaughterer	133
Why divorce ceremonies were not performed in Borsa	137
How did R'Shlomo obtain the material for his testimony?	137
The rabbis who allowed divorce	138
The ceremony of Halitzah [release from the law of levirate] was performed in Borsa	138
The Borsa Dayan arranges a divorce in Wishiva	139
The “Frint” neighborhood - the Melamdim's quarter	140
Five houses in the “Frint”	141
The other Melamdim and the residents of the “Frint”	142
Hershele the cooper (barrel maker)	142
Shlomo Mechl the melamed	143
The melamed who acted wisely and observed sensibly	144
Little children - liable sinners?	145
R'Moshe Shmuel Rotner - a melamed at old age	145
Avraham-Yosl the melamed	146
The melamed R'Meir Dvortze's	146
The melamed who entered his heder with the “belt” in his hand	147
The melamed Chaim-Avraham Shoel's	147
The Maskil [enlightened] who explained the Weekly Portion according to Ibn Ezra	148
The teaching method	149
Discipline	150
Translation by the pupils	150
The snake named “Piepernoter”	151
It was not easy to make a living as a melamed	151
The melamdim who earned their livelohood in far places	152
The “outings” of the heder pupils	152
The pleasures of the Bein Hazmanim [vacation, lit. between the semesters] days	153
The beautiful world of childhood	154
Dangerous games	154
Children's Thoughts
Borsa children - reflecting about Heaven ….	155
… and about life on earth	155
“The reciting of Shema”	155
“The War of the Hadarim” and other youthful pranks
Recruiting to Yankel's Army	158
A “Court Rebellion” and new appointments	159
The decisive battle at the rabbi's Court, with the rabbi's support	160
“Intelligence” Service	160
The theft of the roof shingles	161
A youthful prank - or “Hasbey's Orchard”	165
Eating meat during the “nine days”	166
“…And you shall say: I will eat meat…” [Deut. 12:20]	166
The ascent to Pintina	167
The lamp that spread brightness	168
Tricks and youthful pranks	169
Children's Sabbath in Pintina	170
With Yakov Iytes	171
Climbing the Pietros mountain	173
“For jealousy is the rage of a man” [Proverbs 6:34]	176
The aftermath of the girls' outing	176
Charity	177
Jewish children take pleasure in all happy matters	177
An encounter with the King of the Evil Spirits	178
The living quarters of Ashmeday [king of demons] in the new Mikve [ritual bathhouse]	178
Meirl the Bathhouse attendant	179
A Minyan [prayer quorum] of the dead in Borsa…	180
The family of R'Moishe'le the Dayan [judge in religious court]	181
The train in Borsa	183
A railroad inside the village	183
The days before Tish'a BeAv	183
A chicken endorses the truth of the Bible verse	183
“A man has no preeminence over a beast” [Eccl. 3:19]	184
Sources of Livelihood
Shops	189
Woman Stall Keepers	189
Craftsmen and other occupations	189
Romanians under the rule of Hungarians	189
The five blacksmiths in Borsa	189
Matchmakers	190
Various occupations	190
Yankel the basket	191
Alter the basket	191
Shlomo - Alter's son-in-law	191
More occupations	191
Sons of respected families adopt trades connected with hard work	192
Nachum-Leib the tinsmith	192
Wealth (and Poverty) in Borsa
Sawmills	194
Real gold in Borsa	194
The clothes we used to wear	196
The Shtreimel	196
The Jew takes his horses to the water on Sabbath and Holidays, the shtreimel on his head	197
A health resort in the sheep pen	201
Linguistic research in the Carpathian Mountains	203
R'Wolf the messenger	203
The flour mills	205
The miracle of the “Nissel” mill - it was rebuilt from ruins	205
The sawmills of Borsa	206
The Borsa wealthy people	206
The Jewish land owners	207
Where were the pieces of land owned by Jews?	207
How the side-streets of Borsa came into being	208
The Borsa poor	211
Even a stranger would understand that	211
The builders of the Borsa houses	212
Borsa - that is where the gold was…	213
The licence	214
“Wine” - what does it mean in Borsa?	215
The Wine Banquet	215
Original Borsa Folklore
Senderil the shoemaker and his wife Zelda	219
Zlata's Purim-cake	219
A lesson in linguistics	220
The brothers Yosl-Baruch and Hirshel Steinmetz	220
Leizer Pollack the shoemaker	222
Avraham Wolf the shoemaker	222
Tuvia's eagles	223
Shlomo Hirsh Gruber	224
Graber - he was a powerful wealthy man	224
Zionism
First steps of the Zionist movement in Borsa	229
The “Blue Box” conquers Borsa	229
Enlightenment and Zionism	230
Tora Va'avoda [Torah and Work]	230
The Tze'irei Mizrachi [Young Mizrachi] invasion	231
The activity in the local branch	231
Borsa - the “Jerusalem of Maramures”	232
The leaders of the Young Mizrahi movement	233
Boys and girls, old and young	233
The immigrants to Eretz Israel and the illegal immigrants	234
The “Ritris” Hachshara [pioneer training] for girls	234
Five who went to Hachshara	235
The Tzidkov Aliya	235
Aliya pains in Borsa	235
Various Organizations	236
How Zionism came to Borsa	236
Borsa immigrants to Eretz Israel - building the country and building their lives	237
It happened in Israel, it reminded of Borsa	238
The theft of the Torah Scroll	239
One who “fled” to Eretz Israel	239
R'Yosef Yom-Tov the melamed is singing the songs of Zion	239
Borsa girls study Grammar	240
The first Borsa Jew who made Aliya to Eretz Israel	241
R'Leizer Steinfeld	241
Avraham Zvi Rate	242
R'Hirtz Fruchter, a clever merchant and a dilligent community worker	242
Food in Borsa
Corn - the main food of the poor	247
Wheat bread in Borsa	247
From the plains of the Inca to Borsa	248
The many names of corn	248
Seven names of the polenta dish	249
The sweet additions to polenta	249
“Stefan the Great” and the two “Wolf”s	249
Wolf the dairy producer	249
The very delicious food of the rich	251
Tha cakes of Borsa	251
Fruits of Borsa	252
“Fish”	252
What fish did the Jews of Borsa eat?	253
Fishing in Borsa	253
Moshe the fisherman	254
Three partners to fishing	255
Birds	255
The world of insects	256
Animals	257
Scholars in Borsa
Levi Yitzhak Steimetz	261
R'Zeidel Fruchter	261
The rabbi Rav Shlomo Yosef Markowitz	261
R'Moshe Leib Apter	262
His son, Zeidel Moshe Leib's	262
The Wise men of Borsa
He became a heretic because of…. Einstein	263
The spiritual riches of Borsa	264
Borsa spirit during summer days	264
Winter nights	265
Avraham Zvi Rate	266
Alter Fruchter	266
Alter Steimetz	266
Anshel Ganz	266
Gedaliahu Stein	266
Hirsh-Melech Gold	266
R'Herz Fruchter	266
Leibush-Ber Halpert	267
Leizer Steinfeld	267
Moti Fruchter	267
R'Moshe Moskowitz	267
Meshulam Salomon	267
Azriel Popovici	267
Yankel Stein	267
Yakov Hirsh Riesel	267
Fishel Stein	267
Motele Fruchter	267
“A naval battle” in the Vishiva river	268
A party for a friend - he began with Zionism and ended up with ships	268
A hat of a light color - an inspiration for the speaker at the Association	269
The Rav hates the Mizrahi movement	269
Borsa contribution to Baron Hirsch's enterprises	270
Sukkot Holiday	271
Writers in Borsa
Frieda Weider Kesner	275
Naftali Avi-Rachel	285
Shlomo Zalman Stauber	288
Shraga Feibush Hoz	288
Shmuel Werzberger	290
Penina Heller's Letters
About my dear family, the Werzberger family	299
R'Yitzhak Werzberger z”l	299
My grandfather R'Chaim Herz Werzberger z”l	300
My dear Father R'Shlomo z”l	300
My dear Mother Mrs. Roisa z”l	301
My dear sister Yente z”l	302
My dear brother Shmuel z”l	302
My dear brother Mendi (Israel Menachem) z”l	302
My town, empty of its Jews (poem)	305
My little village (poem)	305
This was Borsa	306
The geese shepherdess	316
A wedding in Borsa	319
Miscellaneous
Klezmerim	333
The two“Motel”s	333
Destroying “historical” documents….	334
A gentile is the owner of the Jewish Cemetery	334
The Etz-Hachayim [tree of life] companies	334
Wolf reciting Tehillim [Psalms]	334
A chupa [canopy] rising from the flames	335
The rabbi's rabbi	335
The patience of Moshe Moscowitz	335
Wolf's “lover”	336
He who rejoices at the other's suffering - shall be cleared…? [after Prov. 17:5]	336
The Melave-Malka Society	336
Idle conversation between brothers-in-law	336
Sarah's Story
The poor man's money is worthless and despised	337
“Poor man's bread” - very costly	337
The mill	337
“The poor man's wisdom is despised” [Eccl. 9:16]	337
A missing little girl in Borsa	338
The four that were murdered	338
The murder of Shlomo Leib Fruchter	338
“Keep your tongue from evil and your lips from deceit” [Psalms 34:16]	338
How prayer turned into vanity	338
The head (of the fish) turned into a tail	339
Poets in Borsa	339
The church is kneeling in front of the rabbi	339
In the company of young people	340
“…And you shall say: I will eat meat…” [Deut. 12:20]	341
The priest Bortosh and Hoshana Raba	341
The Shtreimel in Borsa	341
Seven men after one woman…	342
Wolf is asking the girls to release his son for the Mincha prayer	342
Making a fortune, but not honestly	343
“Our seed shall multiply like the sand”	343
“Your father is an Emorite and your mother a Hittite”	343
The melamed R'Moshe Leizer	344
When does the reading of the Megilla not fulfill the Mitzva	344
The rabbi was not kindhearted	344
An evil thought that was not realized	344
The rabbi who acted hastily	345
A soldier in the Kosut Lajos rebellion	345
Inventors in Borsa	345
The picture of Yontil the melamed in “Der Stürmer“	345
Spoiling the “teacher”	346
Meat, sugar and bread	346
The mountain and the little river	346
Elections time	346
A Jewish teacher receives a Christian blessing	347
The “learned young man” who had not studied	347
Selling the Aliyot [calls to the Torah reading]	347
A young man returns from school	347
Communism in Borsa	347
“Kulisha” (polenta) made of wheat flour	348
The poor woman who died in the bed of the rich	348
The “simple” that was not so simple	348
Slaughtering	348
Lying under oath	349
The war of the Etrogim [citron fruits]	349
The offending charity giver	349
The rain	350
R'Wolf “the Great”	351
Gitze Sara-Lea's and the broom	353
Leeches as a remedy	353
“Al chet shechatanu” [the sins we have sinned]	354
The “repentant”	354
Secrets of an amulet	354
Where did the knapsack go?	354
Father of the girls	355
Games and Entertainement
Shlomo Nachman's, the actor from Borsa	359
A lone actor from Borsa	359
Borsa is studying Drama	360
Members of the Tze'irei Mizrachi movement are wonderful actors	361
Poets	361
Poet and entertainer	361
Secular songs heard in Borsa	362
By entertainement, Borsa makes its poor forget their troubles	363
Borsa songs	363
Lullabies	365
Frightening children's stories	366
“Little Red Riding Hood” - Borsa style	367
Heroic Acts, Disgraceful Acts
Miriam, the virgin robber	371
The woman rebel	371
“Inter-regnum” in Borsa	372
Hushda's misterious death	373
The people's version about Hushda	374
“Mafia” or “protection” in Borsa?	374
Money counterfeit in Borsa	375
Counterfeit money - despicable money	376
When the Storm was Over
The period of existence of the Jewish settlement	381
The walls that fell down	382
Beliefs and views among the gentiles	382
Romanian princes serve many different masters	382
The Hungarians are favoring the Jews over the Romanians	383
The gentile was hanged and the Jew was released	383
Austria and Hungary are not united in favor of the Jews	383
The Jews are eating the bread of the Hungarians	383
The Hungarians begin to show their dark faces	384
The Hungarian gendarmes ignore the important things	384
The history of Transylvania (dates)	385
Kosut Lajos	385
The Hungarians were the first	385
The Jews' patriotism was ignored many years before Kosut	386
The Hungarians return to Borsa	386
Do not believe in friends	387
The Big Fire
The houses of Borsa	391
The big fire in Borsa	391
Borsa becomes known	392
Every fire and its destiny	392
Two fires - and the third	392
It began with murder and it ended in fire	392
“The Middle Ages” are here again	393
The “memorial service” for Hushda, on the bridge	393
The fire and what preceded it	394
The basis of the connection was Anti-Semitism - Communism	395
Strangers visiting us after the fire	396
Defense before World War II	398
The Outbreak of the First World War
Refugees and exiles in Borsa	407
The Russians are coming! The Russians are coming!	408
Recruiting to the army	408
The days of the Emperor from the house of Habsburg and the house of Hohenzolern	408
Tha Black Saturday and the White Death
The Romanians began, and the Hungarians finished	413
The plague is beginning	413
The snow is collaborating with the murderers	414
The survivors are arriving	415
The stories about the cruel kidnapping	415
Marginian is trying to flatter the returning Jews	416
In the days of wrath, the Borsa gentiles reveal the names of their neighbors	417
The black Saturday on the eve of the “storm”	417
Borsa during the Holocaust	418
The last spark of hope was extinguished	418
Days of the rule of evil	419
Why they did not save themselves	419
As Jews went out of Borsa…	421
The lucky one, who was rescued	422
My sister Chaia could not save herself	422
As I returned to Borsa	422
The Gentile Borsa is blooming	423
The Borsa Jews - as recorded in Yakov's register	423
Returning Home	424
On the way to a desolate Borsa	425
In the abandoned cemetery (poem)	428
I walk alone… (poem) [Yiddish]	430
The exile (poem) [Yiddish]	432
The confession of an unknown soldier (The ballad of loneliness)	434
Honor Titles, Epithets and (not very honorable) Nicknames
Shameful nicknames	439
How people cursed in Borsa	441
Famous fools	442
Fools in Borsa	443
Feige's wisdom and the arrival of the “prince”	444
Chana the fool's revenge on the rich	444
Heinoch and his sister	448
Borsa Anecdotes
Old Tales about Events that Happened in Borsa
The Breslers	453
A dreadful story that happened to Motil and Rachel the Breslers	453
The origin of the name Steimetz	456
R'Mechel is telling a frightening story	456
Father's way of life	457
The night of the Passover Seder	457
Ways of morals and commerce	456
More stories from my home	458
The cantor of the Mussaf Prayer in the Upper Synagogue	458
The Parah [lit. cow] Portion at Torah Reading	459
R'Israel Yakov Freiz's cow	459
A cow is getting married?	461
The affair of the crazy cow	462
Mendel Feivish Mendelowitz's “cows”	463
Service in the Romanian Army
How we were released from army service	467
Mourning poem after the “liberation”	467
Elections in Borsa	467
Dividing the “war spoils” between the victorious countries	469
The border guards separated between the bride and the groom on their wedding day	469
“Protection Jews” and “ownerless Jews” in Romania	469
In days of trouble: two degrees of Romanian Jews	469
The “Charity Box” that saved a family of nine	470
Patriotism of Hungarian Jews	470
The big mistake and the bitter disappointment that followed	470
Several historical notes	472
Prohibition decrees still valid	473
Personalities and People
The first Jews in Borsa	477
R'Yakov Steimetz	477
R'Naftali Mendel, the ritual slaughterer	478
Women
Women literature in Borsa	481
Mirel the Rabbanit [rabbi's wife] - preaches and remonstrates	481
Wherever there are sick people and people in need - there you will find Matzia	482
Gitze Sara Lea's	483
Lane Chaim Hirsh's	483
Breine, Hirsh Apter's wife	483
Rachil	483
Ite Reize Steimetz	484
Pearl, Shlomo's wife	484
Fuchs - Nolti	484
The woman who went to Eretz Israel, went back and was murdered…	485
Cheidel Luzer's	485
My sister Chaia	488
The Rabbanit Meita's three women	488
Miriam Leizerowitz	488
Feya the yeast vendor	489
Bluma the wife of the Shochet [slaughterer]	489
Lighting Sabbath candles on the way to her death	490
The Rabbanit Meita Wertheimer	490
A woman of Valor sitting in the center of the Frint - Chaia Zisel was her name	491
Various types of books	494
The fashion of“Anti-fashion”	496
Stories of Gerim [Proselytes, converted to Judaism]
Avraham the proselyte	499
A scientific and Halachic dispute about Borsa's own proselyte	499
A historian is looking for Gerim among the Maramures Jews	500
The rabbi of my town Borsa - of pure lineage….	500
I doubt the “lineage list” of the local rabbi	500
The Borsa rabbi is defending his lineage tradition - but I am rejecting it	501
The story of Avraham the proselyte of Borsa	503
Nobody knew where the ger [proselyte] came from	503
Avraham the Ger	503
A gabay [synagogue attendant] who studied but did not learn	503
The dispute of the Mishna Scholars concerning the ger was unknown to the melamed	504
Avraham the ger	504
Does somebody know the origins of Avraham the ger?	504
The commandment “You shall love the ger”	505
The misterious fires in Borsa	505
Good Goyim, Bad Goyim
The Goyim [gentiles] in Borsa	509
A goy who was caught stealing found refuge in Eretz Israel	510
The Borsa goyim who became part of the Jewish scene	510
The gypsy woman - the terror of the geese	510
The gypsy woman and her foundlings	511
The Christian who taught the Jews Torah	511
Dog hunting - the attraction of the Borsa children	512
Vassili Kolbaza	512
“You shall blot out” (the name of Amalek) (Deut. 25:19)	513
The puzzle of the gentile and his Jewish wife	514
A drunk gentile and his Jewish wife	515
A Romanian funeral in the Jewish street	516
Churches in the Jewish neighborhood	516
The Jewish people - united	517
The husband who was buried without the priest	517
Disputes, Quarrels; also: Strikes and Charity Institutions
Moshe “Ass”	522
A way of greeting	523
How honest was the way of the Borsa Jews	523
The rebellion of the youth against the Borsa elders	523
The Zionists (Mizrahi) before the elections	524
The Holy Rebellion	527
“The rebellion of the helper of the poor”	528
The war of the etrogim [citron fruits]	529
The first strike in Borsa	531
Communists in Borsa	531
The foundation of the Matan Baseter [charity given in secret] fund	531
Good deeds in Borsa	533
Morals and Good Qualities
The legacy of pride	537
Equality of big and little	537
The moral superiority of the Borsa people	539
A quarrel originating in hereditary pride	540
The Meaning of the Names of Borsa Jews
Meaning of names	545
The Kamil refugees escaped to Borsa	546
Biblical names in Borsa	547
Surnames expressing concepts	550
Surnames deriving from names of places and animals	550
People named after their occupations	550
Names expressing qualities and attributes	551
Names expressing love and affection - pet names	551
In Eternal Memory
Yitzhak Leibeshis	555
The Shlomowitz Family	557
Chana Stein	558
Sprintze Stein	559
R'Yitzhak Vieder z”l	559
Katriel Werzberger	561
Avraham Yosef (Avi) Genzach	562
Avraham Sachs (Deba)	562
Efraim Fishel Stein	563
Bertzi Fruchter	563
Shlomo Fruchter	563
R'Menachem Mendel Fruchter	563
R'Israel Werzberger	564
Shaul Wirzberger	565
R'Emanuel Menachem Hecht (Fischman	565
Berl (Dov) Werzberger	567
Clara Beruria daughter of Dov Werzberger	567
R'Yechiel Mechl Steimetz	568
R'Azriel Stein	568
The second strike, organized by R'Aharon Malik	569
Stein Ezra	570
R'Yakov Mendel	573
R'Chaim Peril	575
R'Avraham Steimetz	576
R'Shmuel Hershtik	578
R'David Sachs	579
R'Hirshel Fruchter	584
R'Chaim Shaul Hershtik	584
Aizik Glick	585
R'Ben Zion Fisch	585
Dr. Meshulam Solomon	586
List of people who died or perished	593-600
Names of residents and their addresses in town	603-607
Signed Family Memorial Plaques	608-615
Early Families	616
Hebrew Sources	621
Sources in other languages	622
The first victim of “The Jewish State”	631
Borsa - the chronicle of pain for those who perished in a lovable town	633-654

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